How Accurate Is Eyewitness Testimony Essay Example for Free

How Accurate Is Eyewitness Testimony EssayThe bedrock of the Ameri usher out judicial abut is the h wholenesssty of witnesses in trial. Eyewitness testimony whoremonger make a deep impression on a jury, which is ofttimes exclusively assigned the role of sorting forth credibility issues and making judgments close the truth of witness statements. In the U. S. , there is the possibility of over 5,000 wrongful convictions each year be caseful of mistaken eyewitness acknowledgments. The nonstop flow of media stories that tell of innocent heap being incarcerated should serve as a signal to us that the human identification process is rife with a large number of error risks. These risks stir been largely supported by research. Unfortunately, a jury ra confide hears of the risks therefore, eyewitness testimony remains a ofttimes-used and much-trusted process by those who ar uninformed many times, lawfully uninformed. In cases in which eyewitness testimony is used, more often th an not, an expert willing not be allowed to testify to the faults of eyewitness identification. Thus, the uninformed stay blissfully ignorant of the inherent risks snarly in eyewitness identification testimony.Too often, these blissfully ignorant large number make up a jury of our peers. (McAtlin, 1999). According to McAtlin, there are three parts of an eyewitness testimony (1) Witnessing a crime as a victim or a bystander involves watching the event while it is happening. (2) The witness must memorize the details of the occurrence. (3) The witness must be able to accurately recall and communicate what he or she saw. Studies of wrongful conviction cases have concluded that erroneous eyewitness identifications are by far the leading spring of convicting the innocent.Several studies have been conducted on human memory and on subjects propensity to remember erroneously events and details that did not occur. When human beings try to acquire, retain and intend information with an y clarity, suppositional influences and common human failures profoundly limit them. The law crowd out regulate some of these human limitations others are unavoidable. The unavoidable ones can make eyewitness testimony devastating in the courtroom and can lead to wrongful convictions.Unfortunately, memories are not indelibly stamped onto a brain pictorial matter cassette tape. An event stored in the human memory undergoes constant change. Some details whitethorn be altered when new or different information about the event is added to the existing memory. Some details are simply forgotten and normal memory loss occurs continually. Even so, witnesses often become more convinced(p) in the correctness of their memories over time. The original memory has faded and has been replaced with new information. This new information has replaced the original memory because the natural process of memory handicap has persisted.Furthermore, individual eyewitnesses vary widely in infallibility a nd reasoning. . (McAtlin, 1999). Studies of wrongful conviction cases have concluded that erroneous eyewitness identifications are by far the leading cause of convicting the innocent. For example, the Innocence Project of Cardozo School of Law reports that of the first 130 exonerations, 101 (or 77. 8 percent) involved mistaken identifications. But exactly how often eyewitnesses make tragic mistakes that lead to the punishment of innocent persons is unknown and probably unknowable.One of the infamous cases where mistaken identity led to the wrongful conviction and execution was Gary Graham. Grahams case accredited widespread attention, in part because of unanimous evidence indicating that he was innocent of the murder charge, and the indisputable fact that his court-appointed trial lawyer failed to mount a hard legal defense. Graham was convicted of killing grocery store clerk Bobby Lambert on May 13, 1981 during a robbery attempt. Graham was 17 years grey-haired at the time. The re was no physical evidence linking him to the crime and only one eyewitness who identified him as the murderer.Eyewitnesses who told police investigators Graham was not the slayer were never called to testify at trial by Grahams lawyer. Constitutional Protections In Neil v. Biggers, the U. S. Supreme Court established criteria that jurors may use to evaluate the reliability of eyewitness identifications. The Biggers Court enumerated several factors to determine if a connotative identification is reliable (1) the witnesss opportunity to view the suspect (2) the witnesss distributor point of attention (3) the accuracy of description (4) the witnesss level of certainty and (5) the time between incident and confrontation, i. . , identification. Courts today continue to allow into evidence implicative identification testimony. Currently, courts consider the admissibility of identification testimony under a Fourteenth Amendment procedural due process analysis. If a court determines th at a pretrial identification was unnecessarily suggestive, it then ascertains whether the suggestive procedure gave rise to a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification. A court will find a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification only if the identification is found to be unreliable.Therefore, even if the court concludes that a police identification procedure was suggestive, it may be admittable if the court finds that the identification is nevertheless likely to be accurate. A court will balance the suggestiveness of the identification procedure against the likelihood that the identification is correct, responseing in an unprincipled rule of law that turns on the courts subjective assessment of the defendants guilt. Issues That Impact an Individuals Testimony A specific look at how memory functions and how suggestion operates llustrates why participation in unregulated lineups creates unreasonable risks of misidentification. Identification procedures differ from other police investigatory procedures in that they solely rely on human memory. Human memory consists of three basic systems (1) encoding, (2) storage, and (3) retrieval. Encoding is the initial processing of an event that results in a memory. Storage is the retention of the encoded information. convalescence is the recovery of the stored information. Errors can occur at each step.Contrary to common understanding of memory, not everything that registers in the central nervous system is permanently stored in the mind and particular details become increasingly inaccessible over time. According to Loftus and Ketchum, Truth and reality, when seen through the filters of our memories, are not objective facts but subjective, interpretive realities. Because these processes are unconscious, individuals publicly perceive their memories as completely accurate and their reporting of what they remember as entirely truthful, no matter how distorted or wide they, in fact, may be.An individuals memories become distorted even in the absence of external suggestion or internal personal distress. Naturally, people tailor their telling of events to the listener and the context. (Loftus Ketchum 1991). Many conditions such(prenominal) as fear, lighting, distance from the event, surprise, and personal biases all affect memory and recall. Human memory is indeed delicate, oddly regarding victims and witnesses of crimes. Fear and traumatic events may impair the initial acquisition of the memory itself.At the time of an identification, the witness is often in a distressed worked up state. Many victims and witnesses experience substantial shock because of their traumatic experiences that continue to affect them at the time of identification procedures. In a particular case in court, the psychologist can determine the reliability of the evidence of a particular witness and enable the judge and the jury to put the proper value on such witnesss testimony. For example, a wit ness may swear to a certain point involving the estimation of time and distance.The psychologist can measure the witnesss accuracy in such estimates, often showing that what the witness claims to be able to do is an impossibility. A case may hinge on whether an interval of time was ten minutes or twelve minutes, or whether a distance was three hundred or four hundred feet. A witness may swear positively to one or both of these points. The psychologist can show the court the limitations of the witness in making such estimates. Overview of Psychology and LawThe service of psychology to law can be very great, but owing to the necessary conservatism of the courts, it will be a long time before they will make much use of psychological knowledge. Perhaps the greatest service will be in determining the credibility of evidence. Psychology can now give the popular principles in this matter. Witnesses go on the stand and swear to all sorts of things as to what they heard and saw and did, oft en months and even years previously. The expert clinical psychologist can tell the court the probability of such evidence being true.Experiments have shown that there is a large percentage of error in such evidence. The superfluous value that comes from the oath has been measured. The oath increases the liability of truth only a small percentage. Psychologists sometimes deliver expert testimony in the form of general testimony where theory and research is described and applied to a problem before the court. The expert would not provide opinions about any party involved in the case before the court, but might give opinions about substantive research that is relevant to the issues. Role of Psychology Professional in rhetorical MattersClinical-forensic psychologists are employed in a variety of settings including state forensic hospitals, court clinics, mental health centers, jails, prisons, and juvenile turnment centers. Clinical-forensic psychologists are perhaps dress hat known for their assessment of persons involved with the legal system. Because of their knowledge of human behavior, abnormal psychology, and psychological assessment, psychologists are sometimes asked by the courts to evaluate a person and provide the court with an expert opinion, either in the form of a report or testimony.For example, clinical-forensic psychologists frequently evaluate adult criminal defendants or children involved in the juvenile justice system, offering the court information that might be relevant to determining (1) whether the defendant has a mental disorder that prevents him or her from expiry to trial, (2) what the defendants mental state may have been like at the time of the criminal offense, or (3) what handling might be indicated for a particular defendant who has been convicted of a crime or juvenile offense.Increasingly, clinical-forensic psychologists are being called upon to evaluate defendants who have gone to trial and who have been found guilty and for whom one of the sentencing options is the expiry penalty. In this case, psychologists are asked to evaluate the mitigating circumstances of the case and to testify about these as they relate to the particular defendant. Clinical-forensic psychologists also evaluate persons in civil (i. e. , non-criminal) cases.These psychologists may evaluate persons who are undergoing guardianship proceedings, to assist the court in determining whether the person has a mental disorder that affects his or her ability to make classical life decisions (e. g. , managing money, making health care decisions, making legal decisions). Clinical-forensic psychologists also evaluate persons who are plaintiffs in lawsuits, who allege that they were emotionally harmed as a result of someones wrongdoing or negligence.Clinical-forensic psychologists may evaluate children and their parents in cases of divorce, when parents cannot agree about the custody of their children and what is best for them. Clinical-foren sic psychologists are sometimes called on to evaluate children to determine whether they have been abused or neglected and the effects of such abuse or neglect, and offer the court recommendations regarding the placement of such children. In addition to forensic assessment, clinical-forensic psychologists are also involved in treating persons who are involved with the legal system in some capacity.Jails, prisons, and juvenile facilities employ clinical psychologists to assess and treat adults and juveniles who are either awaiting trial, or who have been adjudicated and are serving a sentence of some type. Treatment in these settings is focused both on mental disorders and providing these persons with skills and behaviors that will decrease the likelihood that they will re-offend in the future. Clinical-forensic psychologists employed in mental health centers or in private practice may also treat persons involved in the legal system, providing either general or specialized treatment (e. g. treatment of sex offenders, treatment of violent or abusive persons, and treatment of abuse victims).Conclusion Studies confirm that unregulated eyewitness testimony is often hopelessly unreliable. Misidentifications are the greatest single source of wrongful convictions in the united States. Yet courts current due process analyses are unsuccessful in ensuring fair procedures and preventing wrongful convictions. A due process analysis alone is inadequate, in part because a due process analysis is essentially a fairness inquiry, and courts regard it as unfair to exclude a correct, yet suggestive identification, from evidence.

A Historical Look at U.S. GAAP Essay Example for Free

A Historical Look at U.S. generally accepted accounting principles EssayABSTRACTThis account discusses the historical development of generally accepted score principles through its contributing sources from 1930 to the present. U.S. Businesses had been using double entry accounting since the 1800s yet no homogeneous accounting practices had been introduced until the American Institute of Accountants (AIA) recommended to the New York Stock Exchange in 1932, five broad principles of accounting which have won fairly general acceptance, (Zeff, 2005, para. 4). In which, the terms fairly present and in accordance with were first workoutd followed up with generally accepted accounting principles. Later, a sixth principle was approved. These recommendations were found on the three assumptions that all business transactions were apart from the business owner, all transaction currencies measured in the US dollar, the assumption of time and the co-ordinated principle. Thus establishing a foundation of which all future accounting principles are based.The AIA formed the Committee on accountancy Procedures (CAP) to publish Accounting Research Bulletins (ARB) on GAAP under the authority of the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) created by the Securities Act of 1934. The CAP was later reorganized into the Accounting Principles Board (APB) that issued Opinions between 1959 and 1973. The pecuniary Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has been the source for buck private sector generally accepted accounting principles since 1973. Input by the private sector has been crucial to the development of GAAP since 1930. Historically, GAAP is influenced by the business condition and public interest.The Great Depression left the public with little faith in the private sector. Although the knowledge and contract of businesses would be consulted for standards businesses were not trusted to set and regulate accounting standards. A common practice in the 1920s was to adjust asset values up(a) to the highest market value arguably misleading investors prior to the 1929 crash (Zeff, 2005, para. 10). In response, CAP and the SEC strongly mandated historical cost accounting as the unobjectionable basis of reporting.Shortly after, the U.S. was brought into WWII directing the CAPs focus to issues pertaining to war time accounting. In addition, the CAP addressed the issues of the exclusion of unrealized profit from income, the use of capital surplus to offset losses, and notes and accounts receivable from officers, employees, and affiliated companies. The most notable item during the CAPs tenure summed up was its ARBs issued in response to intercourses decision permitting companies to use the LIFO inventory method. This was a rare instance that tax policy influenced GAAP and was initially directed to companies purchasing cancel metals because the FIFO method was equated to higher income taxes due to the time lapse between the assets scholarship and sale (Zeff, 2 005). The method was available to all industries in 1939.While CAP was praised for addressing questionable reporting practices prior to the crash it was mostly labeled as weak by critics for failing to set a uniform accounting framework to mitigate comparability issues. At the advice of the AIA, now known as the AICPA, the Accounting Principles Board replaced the CAP. ARB 43 was quickly published to fictionalize all Accounting Research Bulletins and eliminate any superseded ARBs. The research driven APB published 31 opinions. The first few answered reporting questions regarding the investment credit per the tax revenue Act of 1962 allotting businesses a credit for a specified percentage of the cost of certain depreciable assets placed into service after 1961 (FASB, 1962, para.1).The board concluded that the credit whitethorn be recorded as an offset to net income over the assets life or as a reduction in acquisition cost during the period it occurred. This is important because it is a conceptual precursor to todays section 179 and bonus depreciation credits of which most small and strong point sized businesses depend on and consider when determining capital investments. All opinions regarding credits and other tax reporting issues were later superseded by the FASBs literary argument number 109, Accounting for Income Tax. Many of the APBs remaining opinions dealt with emerging issues brought about by the postindustrial economy.For instance, the board developed guidelines for intangible assets such as goodwill, the truth method of accounting for common stock, accounting for employee stock options, the reporting of extraordinary items in the income statement, and set the criteria to use pooling of interest or the purchase method in business combinations. The most controversial accomplishment of the APB was its 1970 publication Basic Concepts and Accounting Principles Underlying Financial Statements of Business Enterprises. The boards issuance of this as a no n-authoritative standard rather than opinion was met with negative criticism as it failed to commit to any conceptual framework solutions and reaffirmed the fundamental disagreement among members on this topic.The board was short after dissolved and replaced by the FASB with new, independent members in 1973. Nearly all APB Opinions were superseded by FASB statements (FAS) at different points in time. The FASB remains the authoritative source for private sector accounting practices today. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 restated the FASBs position in setting accounting standards. The FASB does not have the authority to enforce standards. The responsibility has always been with managers to groom and file financial statements in accordance to GAAP with the SEC. Auditors, overseen by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), issue opinions on the conformity and accuracy of the financial statements. The role of auditors has become increasingly crucial in the post Enron era .The FASB remains committed to addressing any deficiencies in the reporting process and meeting on a regular basis with the PCAOB and SEC to prevent future financial disasters. Probably the most serious issues to date addressed by the FASB resulted from the subprime mortgage crisis and the subsequent financial crisis of 2008. According to Leslie Seidman (2011), hot seat of the FASB, high profile controversy relating to the determination of the fair value of assets and liabilities in an illiquid market prompted the issuance of FAS 157, Fair Value Measurements. Effective November 2007, the standard expanded manifestation for fair value measurements and included changes in fair value practice for certain entities (FASB, 2006, para. 1).The FAS 133 released in January 2008 provided new and additional guidance on derivatives and designated a aggroup within the FASB to assist with statement implementation. The FASB works to harmonize the previously mentioned standards and all others wi th international Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Discussion of international accounting principles has occurred for decades and an International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) has existed since 1973.It was not until the 1990s when globalization motivated the FASB to deliberate a strategic plan for international activities. In 2002, the FASB and IASB started collaborating to converge US GAAP and International Accounting Standards. A memorandum of understanding was released by the two boards in 2006 and amended in 2008. In 2011, the FASB sent a letter to the IFRS Foundation Trustees describing its views on many key issues. The FASB continues to balance long term IASB projects with its work on issues relating to US GAAP.REFERENCESFinancial Accounting Standards Board. (1962). APB 2 Accounting for the Investment Credit. Retrieved from http//www.fasb.org/cs/BlobServer?blobkey=idblobwhere=1175820900137blobheader=application%2Fpdfblobcol=urldatablobtable=MungoBlobs Financial A ccounting Standards Board. (2006). Summary of Statement No. 157. Fair Value Measurements. Retrieved from http//www.fasb.org/summary/stsum157.shtml Financial Accounting Standards Board. (2012). International Convergence of Accounting Standards Overview. IASB-FASB modify Report. Retrieved from http//www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/Page/SectionPagecid=1176156245663 Seidman, L.F. The Role of the Accounting Profession in Preventing Another Financial Crisis. U.S. Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Subcommittee on Securities, Insurance, and Investment Testimony. FASB. April 6, 2011. Zeff, S. A. (2005). The Evolution of U.S. GAAP The Political Forces so-and-so Professional Standards. The CPA Joural, Retrieved from http//www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/2005/105/infocus/p18.htm

Public Concern About Indoor Air Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Public Concern About Indoor Air Pollution Environmental Sciences EssayNowadays, public caution intimately interior(a)(prenominal)(prenominal)(a)(a) striving contaminant and its nitty-grittys on tumesceness among community still in a weak train. Many of them did not stool the present of indoor product line defilement on their surroundings. Principal categories of indoor demarcation pollutants consist of burn products, chemical products, radon, and biological agents. Indoor argumentation contamination refers to the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of bearing in the indoor environment inwardly a home, twist, or an institution or commercial facility. People spend more of their meter indoor and additional time inside vehicles hence, they ar more exposed to indoor breeze befoulment comp ard to outdoorsy atm defilement. Scientific evidence has indicated that the atmospheric soil within homes and other public and superpower buildings asshole be more seriously polluted than the outdoor gloriole thus attracted expanded look for on this topic.An indoor transfer pollutant comes from variety sources. Most homes deliver more than one source that contri scarcelyes to indoor oxygenate problems (Saravanan, 2004). Today, indoor impart pollution caused by desirous of traditional solid fuels such as woodfuel, agricultural residues, and dried animal dung in unvented cookstoves in rural atomic number 18as of developing countries is not a good deal different from that of the past (Oanh and Hung, 2005) . The most common sources of indoor personal credit line pollution ar environment tobacco smoke. The mixture of smoke comes from cig artte and exhaled by take in carriage which contain more than 4000 compounds and piece of ass headliner to great dealcer. Radon excessively one of the indoor air pollutant and the most common is uranium. Radon shoot a lineconade enters homes through dickhead floor, cracks in concrete wal ls and floor, floor drains and sump pumps. Radon likewise give the bounce cause pubic louse. Combustion product which comes from woodstoves, fireplaces, gas stoves and unvented kerosene is the sources of indoor air pollution. All of these loafer produce carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and hints. Lead comes from curb-based paint, contaminated soil and detritus and drinking water. At the lofty level of lead croup cause coma and even death. Lead has been identified as one of the indoor air pollution sources. Many of us did not realize that every day we inhaled polluted air and it originated from our own house. Many abode products has been a causes of this problem because its contain organics chemical. All of these products can termination organic compounds when using them. atomic number 53 of the most common indoor air pollutants called biological pollutants. There are many types which include dust from mites, bacteria, viruses, molds, pollen and animal hackles. Formaldehy des come from the pressed wood products and article of furniture made with these pressed wood products excessively indoor air pollutant. Formaldehyde emissions will superior generally decrease as product age. When the products are spick-and-span, high indoor temperature or humidity can cause affixd released of formaldehyde from these products. following pollutant sources are asbestos. Asbestos is a mineral fiber that has been used widely as building construction materials for insulation and as a fire-retardant. After they are inhaled, they can remain and accumulate in the lung. It can give bad effect to the respiratory dodging. Other source of indoor air pollutant comes from pesticides. It also include products have got insect, termites, radon, fungi, and microbes.Many people spend 80-90% of their lives indoors, thus the high level of indoor air pollutants pluss the personal pictorial matter and subsequent health effects, which probably has more impact than picture to ambi ent air (Oanh and Hung, 2005). In addition, those who are more exposed in a longer periods and often to indoor air pollutants has a high probability to influence in suffering from respiratory or cardiovascular indisposition especially children. Evidence shows that long-term exposure to indoor air pollution can leads to serious respiratory illness. Indoor air pollution can lead to many harmful health effect primarily involve respiratory governance. Exposure to indoor air pollution can cause both penetrating (short term) and chronic (long term) health effect. Acute health effect is sudden and severe exposure and rapid absorption of the substance which can cause eye irritation, headache and nausea. degenerative health effect is characterized repeated exposure of many days, month, or years and the symptoms may not be immediately appearance such as cancer. The most common effects are lung cancer and heart and soul problem. The seriousness of effects depends on the levels of indoor p ollutants, the exposure period, and the nature of the pollutants. (Oanh and Hung 2005).Mitigation measurement should be interpreted in order to repress the effect of indoor air pollution and protect people from further damage of health. This can be make by eliminating or controlling the sources of pollution such as the uses of household product. We can go on or limit the uses of this product in our house. We also should increase the internal respiration system in our house, office, or any building to make the movement of air to inside or outside and good air alternate rate. Then, we can also install air cleaning devices such as exhaust fan in kitchens and bathrooms. This mitigation effort also should be taken by government especially to conduct or control the emission of greenhouse gases from factories or vehicles which also can contribute to the indoor air pollution by introducing products or devices. For example catalytic converter to the vehicles and for industries, the scr ubbers and electrostatic precipitator or electrostatic air cleaner. All of these devices can help and bringing air pollution under control. Catalytic converter is used by automobile manufacturers to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in a cars exhaust. The converter contains a catalyst that oxidized these compounds to carbon dioxide and water. For industries, scrubbers and precipitators are used. Scrubber systems are a diverse group of air pollution control devices that can be used to call back some particulate or gaseous from industrial exhaust streams. Its work by use liquid or a dry reagent to scrub unwished pollutants from the stream. Scrubbers are one of the primary devices that control gaseous emission to the air. An electrostatic precipitator is a particulate collection device that removes particulates from a flowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge. They are highly effectual filtration devices that minimally impede the flow of gas es through the device, and can easily remove okay particulate matter from the air stream.The target in conducting this query proposal is to identify the sources of indoor air pollution because most of the people still did not know what is indoor air pollution and what sources has cause this pollution. This research proposal also has been proposed to observe the effect of indoor air pollution to the human health as the previous research shows that mostly people did not realize that the illness that they get are from the indoor air pollutants. And last objective of this research is to strike the solutions in reducing the effect of indoor air pollution to human health since the health problem caused by indoor air pollution increased lately, many mitigation effect should be recognize and practice in order to detect and reduce the indoor air pollutant sources.The important of this research proposal is to open the eyes of mostly people who are still did not know about the indoor air po llution, the sources and the bad effect of this pollution. likewise that, by doing this research proposal, we can spread and tell people the information of indoor air pollution and provide them the best ways to mitigate this pollution and also to recognize and reduce this pollutant sources in their day-to-day life.OBJECTIVESTo identify the sources of indoor air pollution.To observe the effect of indoor air pollution to the human health.To contemplate the solutions in reducing the effect of indoor air pollution to human health.LITERATURE REVIEWComponent of literature review-IntroductionThere are many research have been made by many researchers about the indoor air pollution. May of the state that the indoor air pollution can occurs in the rooms, houses or buildings that did not have a balance rate of exchange of indoor air and outdoor air. The research on indoor air pollution has been done by John in 2000 and he stated that the indoor air quality (IAQ) in any building can be compr omised by microbial contaminants (mold, bacteria), chemicals (such as carbon monoxide, formaldehyde), allergens, or any mass or energy stressor that can induce health effects. Based on this statement, we can know a little bit about what are actually indoor air pollution and its characteristics.As many of us spend the great times of our lives indoor, thus the indoor environment of homes and offices is often more seriously polluted than the outdoor atmosphere. This makes the risks to health may be greater due to the high(prenominal) contents of indoor air pollutants than the outdoor air pollutants. Research by Saravanan in 2004 base that the major sources of indoor air pollution are those that release gas and particles into air, and miserable ventilation makes the situation much worse. In this research also states some of the major factors that determine the quality of indoor air such as-The nature of outdoor air quality around the building.The air exchange rate of the building (v entilation).The materials used in the construction of the building (presence of chemicals).The activities that go on inside the building (cleaning, cooking, enkindleing etc.).Use of household chemicals.Another study done by Lizaridis in 2011 also states that people spent about 85% of their time indoors and additional 3% inside vehicles. Which means that no inside homes or building people can get indoor air pollution, but also inside the cars or vehicles, therefore people are exposed to gaseous air pollutants and particulate matter from both outdoor sources and through infiltration of outdoor air and indoor sources. She also state that the content of indoor air pollution inside homes, buildings, cars or vehicles may have different composition and possibly different toxicities. High toxicities can cause harmful and bad effect to human health especially respiratory system illness.Another study done by Kamaruzzaman and Sabrani in 2011. Researchers have found that pollutants in indoor a ir occur more regularly and at high concentrations than in outdoor air. Therefore, it is clear that indoor air has created major source for environmental exposure to air pollutants rather than outdoor. The air quality inside buildings, homes and vehicles are affected and influences by many factors. In an effort to conserve energy, modern building and homes design has favoured tighter structures with low evaluate of ventilation which can caused unbalances exchange of air to inside and outside.Pollutant sources of indoor air pollutionStudy done by Syazwan in 2009 found that the factor that contributed to indoor air pollution is poor nourishment and services of heating, ventilation and air conditioning. These factors can increase indoor air pollution level in homes and building. Ventilation play important role in the house or building because it regulate and control the flow of air into and outside. The exchange of air should be balance.Saravanan study in year 2004 shows that indoo r air pollution generated by many sources includes from inside and outside the homes and building. There are many sources of pollutant indoor air pollution we generate everyday in our daily life. The important indoor air pollutants are generated by burning of oil, gas, kerosene, wood and tobacco products or produced by building materials, furnishings, wet or damp carpets, household chemical products, air conditioner, dehumidifiers and outdoor sources comes from radon and pesticides. Many study and research by researchers found that inadequate ventilation can increase indoor air pollution level because there is no sufficient air movement to dilute the emissions from indoor sources and carry them out of homes. The more it accumulates inside homes or building, the higher the level of indoor air pollution. All of these can give bad effect to our health.Most common indoor air pollutant stated in the study done by Saravanan are tobacco smoking, biological contaminants, indoor combustion, volatile organic compounds (VOC), radon, formaldehyde, particulate matter, pesticides, and lead. Smokers easily exhaled their smokes to the surrounding without knowing that the smokes are really precarious to others people health. this is because, tobacco smoke contains a complex mixture of over 4000 compounds, more that 40 of which are known to cause cancer, and as many are strong irritants. Smoking inside the home and building caused for large amounts of indoor pollutants. in like manner that, cigarette smoke is another source of formaldehyde. Biological contaminants include pollen, bacteria, fungous spores, mildew and many more. All of these can be produced by unbalanced humidity inside homes and building. Other sources are indoor combustion such as combustion of fuels like kerosene, oil, gas and many more. It can contribute to the concentration of volatile organic compounds inside the homes and building. Volatile organic compound includes aliphatic and smelling(p) compounds. Many organic compounds are emitted from construction materials, furnishings and consumer products such as latex paints. Radon became most famous contributes to indoor air pollutants nowadays. Commonly, radon enters homes through well water, penetrates through cracks in buildings and then released into the indoor atmosphere. Radon mostly associated with radioactivity inside the building and homes. Formaldehydes come from many sources. It come from tobacco smoking, it also comes from particle boards, plywood, urea formaldehydes foam and furniture. Other sources of indoor air pollutant are pesticides comes from moth repellants, insecticides termiticides and others pesticides. These products can pollute indoor air. Next is lead. Lead also dangerous and can lead to indoor air pollution. It comes from lead based paint, contaminated soil and contaminated water.Studies of indoor air pollution in cities done by Spengler and Soczek in 1984 shows that indoor air pollution levels sometimes exce ed those outdoor because of the presence of significant indoor sources-fuel burning appliances, tobacco smoking, household chemical use, etc.Studies done by Oanh and Hung characterized sources of indoor air pollution into certain categories which consists of combustion products, chemical products, radon, and biological agents. The accumulation of the products and materials into high concentration can be cause by inadequate ventilations. Indoor air pollutants can directly emitted from many sources basically from house activities such as cooking by cookstoves, heaters, tobacco smoking, building materials and pest control chemicals. Indoor air pollutants also emitted from outdoor but from different sources such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) from photochemical industries or vehicles.Effect of indoor air pollution to human healthMany researches state the consequences of indoor air pollution especially to our respiratory systems in their research. Buchman has done his study in 1992 and state that indoor air pollution also can cause subsequent in societal and economical conditions. In economic issues, multimillion dollar lawsuits have been inform for stipend for im graceful ventilation system in building and house and there are many building renovation in order to increase the efficiency of ventilation system. Only after many cases are recognized which caused by indoor air pollution, they realized that how really important is the proper and efficient ventilation system in homes and building. As we know that ventilation system is important to balance the rate of air movement to inside and outside the homes and building.Oanh and Hung also has a same opinion with Buchman, 1992 and states that indoor air pollution will cause subsequent societal and economical conditions. Same description about compensation and renovation of building that may affect economic sectors. Others are stress about the effect of this pollution to human health. Oanh and Hung states in thei r study in 2005 that the effect of indoor air pollutants to the health may be experienced soon after the exposure or, possibly, years later. This effect called chronic effect and acute effect. Chronic effect characterized repeated exposure of many days, months, or years and the symptoms may not be immediately appearance. Acute effect is the sudden and severe exposure and rapid absorption of the substance and the effect may be experience soon after the exposure. Immediate and short-term effects, including irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headaches, dizziness, and fatigue, may be detect after a single exposure or repeated exposures. These effects are normally treatable and sometimes the treatment is simply elimination of the exposure to the pollution sources. Symptoms of some indispositions, including asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and humidifier fever, may also show up soon after exposure to certain indoor air pollutants. The longer-term effects can be mischievously weakening or fatal they include some respiratory diseases, heart disease, and cancer. Besides that, in this research, the writer states a few prominent cases related to the indoor air pollution. First is Legionnaires disease which has been identified in 1976. This disease shows pneumonialike symptoms such as high fever, headache, lung consolidation, respiratory failure and death. The diseases are found has been caused by baculiform bacteria. The outbreak of the disease in the 1976 Legion convention was linked to aerosols drifting from a chill tower (of the central air conditioning system) of the hotel, Oanh and Hung, 2005. Cooling towers, eddy baths, showers and respiratory equipment is the example of aerosol-producing devices which can spread the disease. The bacteria also can cause another nonpneumonic and nonfatal disease like Pontiac fever. By treat cooling tower and evaporative condenser water with biocidal chemical, the transmission of this disease can be slower and can be control. Other disease that has been mention by Oanh and Hung in their research is sick building syndrome. The symptoms of this disease are of nonspecific nature like headache, eye, and nose irritation, respiratory diseases (throat irritation, shortness of breath), neurotoxic disease (dizziness), and general fatigue and malaise. But, the symptoms cannot be traced to specific sources. The major causes of this disease have been identified such as inadequate ventilation, chemical contamination, and microbial contamination. The most recent causes are inadequate ventilation. Oanh and Hung also stated few specific indoor air pollution and its health effect such as radon, tobacco smoking, asbestos, biological contamination, pollutants from combustion sources and other indoor air pollutants. Uranium is an example of radon and it is a noble gas which is colourless, odorless and the radioactive. It is produced by the decaying process in soil or rock. Usually, radon can be found above the hom es or floor and can enter to the indoor environment by crack floor, floor drains and sumps. It also can enter homes by water well. Radon can gives chronic health effect and its shows no immediate effect after the exposure but usually radon disease are related to the lung cancer. As people know that tobacco smoke contain over 4000 compound and more than 40 of which are known to give harmful effect to humans or animals health such as cancer. A few examples of tobacco smoke compounds are nicotine, acrolein, cyanide, nitrosamines and so on. The tobacco smoking can give effect not only the smoker itself but also to the who inhaled back what the tobacco smokers has exhaled after them inhaled the cigarette. The belabor effect is to the people who inhaled back what the smoker has exhaled. It is because of the synergistic effects of the toxic pollutants present in the smoke with other indoor air pollutants such as combustion products and biological contaminations. The effect is more to the respiratory illness such as lung cancer, cardiovascular and broncho- pulmonic disease. The health effects of tobacco smoking on smoker are respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer and other cancers. Next sources pollutants are asbestos which is widely used as roof and ceiling as it is resistance to heat and fire for insulation and fire protection. Asbestos also can be found in older homes, pipe and furnace materials, asbestos shingles mildboard, textured paints and other coating materials and floor tiles. Health effects of asbestos fibers depend on chemical and physical characteristics such as size, number and surface charge, Oanh and Hung, 2005. There are four related disease to asbestos exposure lung cancer, mesothelioma, asbestosis, and nonmalingnant pleural disease. The symptoms of this effect do not show immediately after the initial exposure and this is called chronic effect. Examples of biological contaminants are molds, mildews, pollens, viruses, bacteria, animal dander and dusts. The famous effects of biological contaminants are allergens. Some of the symptoms of health effects include sneezing, watery eyes, coughing, shortness of breath, dizziness, tiredness, fever and digestive problems. Children, elderly people, and people with active problems, allergies and lung disease are in particular susceptible to disease-causing biological agents in the indoor air, Oanh and Hung, 2005. In addition, the most dangerous and powerful biological agents are house dust mites which grow in damp and warm environments. This agent can cause asthma. Next sources of indoor air pollutants are pollutants from combustion sources. Combustion sources of indoor air pollution include open cooking fires, tobacco smoking, unvented cookstoves and plaza heaters and vented appliances with improperly installed flue pipes, Oanh and Hung, 2005. These pollutants can cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and trachea, bronchus and lung cancer. Other indoor air pollutants such as are ozone and lead also has been most concern pollutants nowadays. Ozone indoors may release from office and domestic equipment such as photocopying machines, commercial electrostatic air cleaners and ion generators. Ozone can cause damage to lung and other respiratory functions. The exposure of ozone also can cause nose and throat irritation and chest constriction. Lead can be used in paint, gasoline, water pipes and others. Lead affects practically all systems within the body Oanh and Hung, 2005. At high concentration and accumulations of lead can caused convultions, coma, and even death. Lower concentration of lead can give effect to brain, central flighty system, blood cells and kidneys. The effect of lead can be adverse to fetuses and young children such as delays in physical and mental development, lower IQ levels, truncated attention spans and increased behavioral problems. Usually, children are more risk in having lead exposure than adults because lead a re easily absorbed in increment tissues and the tissues of small children are more sensitive to the damaging effects of lead. Lead in house dust is considered to be the major risk factor for high lead levels in blood in children, Oanh and Hung, 2005.Smith done his research on the urban air pollution and cigarette smoking in 1986 found the several classes of ill health that could be expected from the types and the levels of air pollution exposure in the villager houses. The classes includes-Chronic obstructive lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis and associated heart conditions such as cor pulmonale, which is pathological enlargement of the right side of the heart because of resistance to blood flow through the lungs.Acute respiratory diseases because the respiratory system is less able to protect itself against infection.Low birth weights and associated elevated mortality and morbidity of several sorts in infants born of mothers exposed during pregnancy.Respiratory system canc ers, particularly of the lung.These classes can categorized the level of health conditions among the villagers. These 4 classes of ill health are dangerous if there are no action is taken in order to reduce or clog the increasing of indoor air pollution inside their house or building.Torrest-Duque in 2008 states that in 2000, indoor air pollution was responsible for over 1.6 million deaths and about 3% of the global burden of disease. Of the deaths, acute respiratory infections accounted for 59% and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases close to 41%, leaving lung cancer as a relatively minor contributor. This shows that health diseases related to the respiratory system has been increased and caused by indoor air pollution. The record shows the evidence to the people about how dangerous is indoor air pollution to the human health and it can cause not only cancer but also can cause death. Other global burden of disease includes HIV and AIDS, tobacco smoking, obesity and indoor air pollution also one of the list.Preventive measureWithout knowing where the sources come, we cannot prevent the pollution from occurs. By knowing the sources and where it comes, we can find the effective ways in order to reduce and prevent it turn worst in our daily life activities. Oanh and Hung in their studies state that awareness of the type and number of potential sources is the most important step in effort to reduce indoor air pollution and stated it as a task for indoor air pollution management. First, we should diagnosing indoor air quality problems in our homes or buildings. We can diagnosing it by using several steps such as the symptoms of health effects, potential indoor air pollution sources, life styles and activities and the indications of ventilation problems. By looking at these characteristics, we can know whether there is indoor air pollution in the homes or building. Examples of symptom of health are eyes irritations, dizziness, headache and etc. Potential indoor air pollutions sources include construction materials of homes or building such as roof made of asbestos. Life style and activities such as uses of cooking sources can indicate the presence of indoor air pollution. And also the efficiency of ventilation systems in building or homes can determine the level of indoor air pollution. After diagnosing indoor air quality problems in building, we can proceed either monitoring indoor air or control strategies which are more to solving problem. There are three step that are stated by Oanh and Hung in their studies. First is ventilation. Ventilation is really important things that we should give more intention. This is because ventilation plays important role in control our air regulation rates in homes or building. Every houses and building has to have a good and efficient ventilation system to control air rates and comfort environment inside houses and buildings. Next preference step is source management and exposure control. Oanh and Hung said that reduction of indoor air pollution level can be achieved through the source emission reduction, reduction of pollutants inflow from outdoors and increase outflow of pollutants from indoors and increase of air pollutant sinks. However, we cannot totally eliminate the sources and it may not be practical. The third step is air cleaner. But, indoor air cleaning is helpful only in combination with efforts to remove the sources. Besides that, Oanh and Hung also state the management of indoor pollutant sources such as radon, tobacco smoke, combustion product in homes, asbestos, organic pollutants from household products, pollutants from household chemicals, and etc.In the way to mitigate the transmission of radon to the indoor environment, the proper design of houses during the construction should be considered. This can prevent the entering of radon to the residences. The techniques that applicable is the infusion of construction sites with low permeable soil, modification of s ites by removing high-radium-containing subsoil, or cover the ground surface with low-radium-containing soil, which has high resistance to soil gas flow, and designing houses with borderline radon exposure. 3 techniques stated can be considered during the construction of houses. For the existing houses, also should have some modification on their houses design to minimize the exposure of radon. First is use of diffusion barrier/sealants made of nonpermeable material to seal cracks to prevent the flow of radon. Second is the use of suction fans to exhaust soil gas from beneath building and substructure to prevent the entry of radon into basement and the third techniques is house pressurization to create outward airflow direction. The best way to prevent the emission of tobacco smoke in house or public buildings is by ban the smoking. Besides that, we also should increase the ventilation systems in the places which smoking takes place. But, this mitigation effort only reduces the gas emission from the tobacco smoking and not eliminates it. A next source of indoor air pollutant is combustion products in homes. The sources are from the combustion appliances cooking and heating devices. The sources can be controlled from emitted more indoor air pollutants such as uses of cleaner fuels and clear-burning devices, optimization of operation and maintenance of appliances, and installation of proper flue gas system to vent out smoke. Besides that, by replaced oil and gas stoves or woodstoves with electrical appliances for cooking and space heating will produce cleaner air to the indoor environment. Oanh and Hung also provide mitigation step for asbestos. Asbestos or asbestos-containing materials (ACM) can produce dust and particles that can easily inhaled by human respiratory. Asbestos usually use as roof on houses or building and the best way to reduce and prevent the role of this sources to indoor air pollution, we should negate the uses of asbestos in construction of airtight, roof or ceiling of our houses. Besides that, the periodical inspection should be conducted for any damage of ACM. Next sources are organic-pollutants from household materials. The preventive measure should be started by the manufacturer of the household products by produce more safe products. Consumers also should know and avoid from use the product which is emitted the indoor air pollutant. Oanh and Hung stated 5 prevention measure by consumer for reduction emission of indoor air pollutant sources evaluate and call for low-VOC-impact building materials and products, precondition materials such as carpets and furniture, to minimize emissions before installation, install building materials and products based on their VOC decay rates(aging), ventilate buildings during and after installation of new materials and products and delay occupancy until VOC concentrations has been reduced adequately. Pollutants from household chemical such as pesticides, wood preservatives, air fresheners and etc also one of the indoor air pollutants sources. Oanh and Hung stated that the proper choice of chemical formulations, appropriate application method, application rate, and practices can greatly reduce the hazards associated with these chemicals.Saravanan also mention about the same mitigation steps in reducing and prevent the increasing of indoor air pollution in his studies in 2004. His stress on the eliminating or controlling the sources of pollution in homes, flatcar and offices. Same like others researches, Saravanan said that ventilation system is important devices in controlling indoor air pollution and it can be done by increasing ventilation and installing air-cleaning devices. His also mention that we should take other necessary precautions to minimize and eliminate the effect of this pollution

Huggies Pull Ups Diapers Marketing Essay

Huggies pick off Ups Diapers Marketing EssayKimberly Clark is a multinational confederation, its headquarters is based in America and they mother been in business for 140 and has branched out to many another(prenominal) countries including New Zealand. It has previously ranked commencement in the personal kinsperson in Dow Jones Sustainability world index five years in a row from 2005 to 2009 and has contributed $323.1 meg in cash and harvest-homes to charitable causes in 2011(Kimberly Clark.com) Kimberly Clark New Zealand does manufacturing for Huggies serviettes and it is determined Manakau, Auckland, New Zealand. They have a wide range of paper based harvestings which be facial tissues, toilet papers, scientific cleaning wipes and Huggies useable diapers (Wikipedia 2012)The specific ware that volition be the focus of this assignment is Huggies gimmick Ups is a scrape of disposable training pants do under(a) Huggies grime of despoil intersections It is knowing for boys and girls. (Im a medium-large kid now) This is the products slogan (Wikipedia 2012)Several changes were made since the product first came out, the first one was the make forition of magic stars/flowers on the s give carecrow of the pant that fade when the wearer wets it as a way to discour age wetting. Next was the easy open sides which made it very interchangeable to underwears, it was easy for kick upstairss to check if the wearer dirty it and to quickly change the messy product.Statistics New Zealand records show that there are approximately 200 000 two to four year olds in New Zealand, because of the amply demand of Huggies pull-ups the company has decided to increase the price of Huggies pull-up diapersThe target trade for this product is the parents of kids between the ages of 2 and 4 years. It is especi completelyy for kids who have started walking. Huggies Pull ups makes it easier for parents to change their childs diapers. Huggies pull ups comes for girls a nd boys in like manner comes in contrasting sizes. Boys and girls diaper size 2 and between 8-15 kg the price of pull up pack is $13.99 (plunketshop.co.nz)Consumer hold the product seeks to satisfy-The product seeks to make life easier for parents that are making their child wear a diaper bed be hard because at the targeted age children move and play, apply Huggies pull-ups is less time consuming.Market of Interest, Trends and sizeMarket of Interest Pull-Ups is a brand of disposable training pants made under the Huggies brand of baby products. It is a product for boys and girls who have al immortalizey started to wee-wee and its product slogan is Im a big kid now. Several changes were made since it came out, the first one was the addition of magic stars/flowers on the front of the pant that fade when the wearer as a way to discourage wetting. Next was the easy open sides which made it very similar to underwears, it was easy for parents to check if the wearer soiled it and to q uickly change the messy product. Huggies Pull ups is for parents who prefer to give their child training utilize toilets. This report will discuss on Huggies Pull Ups diapers and the best way to achieve profitable sales in the country and overseas.Trends and size of the merchandise harmonize to statistics New Zealand there are approximately 200 000 two to four year olds in New Zealand in the year 2012 these are babies who have started to work and parents prefer them to use toilet and Huggies Pull ups is the best Diaper that can encourage a child to use toilets.The Personal Care segment manufactures and markets disposable diapers, training and younker pants and swim pants, having a net sales of 43.7 % and 61.6% of operating profit(Wikiinvest.com). This shows that the market size for Huggies diapers is largeExternal environment impact engineering science Online WebsitesA buyer can get all its information regarding a product from online websites. It is very important for a company t o have a online informational website of its a product and information about the company. Everyone who excesses the website should get all the information they need regarding the product. The current focus is upgrading the website and adding new features.Technology (Mass Media) Magazines and TelevisionSince the target for the product (huggies diapers) is mums the company can use other sources like of mass media to advertise their product such as television. Many people watch television and come crossways commercials which can catch their attention because having commercials of Huggies diapers will surely catch the attention of mums. Magazines is in like manner a better Mass Media, a lot of mums read womens weekly and having a advertisement of Huggies diapers will get mums to buy the product.DemographyA good market for Huggies pull up diapers is parents of children who are the ages of 2 to 4 years of age. Since at that age children start to walk parents prefer their child to start using the toilets and Huggies Pull Ups is the best diaper which encourages children to use the toilet. Huggies Pull Ups is also easy for parents to make their child wear diapers. Huggies Pull Ups targets mid(prenominal)dle upper mark families and upper class families since Huggies brand of diapers are of good quality and prices are high.Political and LegalThe most important concerns for business firms are the political and legal forces which are implemented in countries in which they plan to conduct business. or so foreign governments are unsteady, that is, there may be frequent, dramatic and irregular regime changes and/or political unrest. Government regulations may change constantly therefore it can affect Kimberly clark New Zealand who produce Huggies brand of diapers, for example if labour rate increases which means the company will have to spent more on labour therefore the funds allocated for other purposes will be used to cater for the change.EconomicsHuggies Pull Ups has controversy from treasures and pampers diapers since both come in different sizes depending on the agitatet of the child. The price range of the three products is also close ranged small pack priced $13 to $18 and big pack is $44 to 49. Huggies targets high classed families therefore profit is made easily.Social and culturalKimberly Clark New Zealand works unneurotic with plunket where they support mothers when mothers are having a new born and plunket also help parents in giving advice relating to their child. The Huggies diapers demand to be safe for example the baby should not have any rachises when wearing the diaper.Competition AnalysisThe current and principal(prenominal) competitors of Huggies Pull Ups diapers are three other popular diaper brands which are sold in New Zealand Today. Using the swot abstract the strength, weakness, threats and opportunity of Huggies diapers and its competitors will be examined.Current SituationHuggies Pull Ups diapers are a world fam ous brand and are also a popular brand in New Zealand. Kimberly Clark New Zealand is the manufactures of Huggies Pull Up diapers in New Zealand. Huggies Pull Ups goal is to do changes to the Huggies Pull Up diapers until they can get the best product out of it so the customer need of this product can be satisfied.Huggies Pull Ups diapers target market is middle upper class families and upper class families. The manufactures of Huggies Pull Ups Kimberly Clark are also in partnership with plunket therefore other customers are also concentrated on.Problem IdentificationThe main problem that huggies Pull ups Faces are competition by top diaper brands which are in the New Zealand market. It becomes very hard to meet customer demand since customers have a wide brand to choose from.OpportunitySince Huggies brand of diapers already exist in the market, it has already created an image for its self which is quality. Huggies Pull Up diapers team should add more features to the product to impro ve on its quality and have promotions to attract the customers in order to have even a greater percentage of market share. Greater market share means greater profitsTreasures Diapers (lower prices)Treasures diapers come in different sizes, depending on the Childs weight. Two to four year old weigh between 10 to 20 kilogram and treasures diapers comes in those sizes. Treasures diaper comes in different packs which are small packs and large packs. Large packs have twenty diapers jammed in it and cost $29.90SWOT for TreasuresStrengthWeaknessesCheapworld renouncedCustomer loyalty/relationshipLeading brands in most countriesLower quality diaperLower price diaper means lowerOpportunitiesThreatsExpansion of productCompetition from other diaper brandshttp//t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQrHK9eU23qT3hfM_junxbCkyctj7Evfvlb3sUyJceHPf0jO_PWVgLuv diapers Mid Priced (Jambo pack)Luv diapers is made by proctor and adventure and comes in different sizes, kids who can walk and are of two to four year olds can also wear the diapers. The price range for the luv diapers is $34-90. According to Wikipedia (2012), since the product was first introduced in 1976 there have been a lot of changes made to the product the latest change was made in 2007 where bear hug ambit was introducedSWOT for Luv diapersStrengthsWeaknessGood qualityIn business for a number of yearsBrand recognitionInternational brandPrice is mid ranged ,confuses customers on what to buyOpportunityThreatsLuv diapers can add on more features and improve the product in order to attract more customersThese are competition from other diapers that are of cheaper price and diapers who are at a higher price with quality.http//t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcSMZ5-aV9JwaPhBpFNTSYTlRWPd27vf3FlBQWsqbPhE9UEUdRGahwPampers Diaper (jumbo) High pricedPampers is a brand of baby products marketed by Procter Gamble. Pampers diapers comes up to size seven. The price range for pampers diapers is $49.90. Pampers diapers is high priced due to it high quality.SWOT for Pampers diapersStrengthsWeaknessesVery good qualityInternational brandLarge number of customersIn business for a number of yearsExpensive to buyersopportunitiesThreatsCan add more features to pampers diapersCompetition from other diaper brandshttp//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcR-FdE9aOTWgqii-14GzyINpIPJmC5gQxwOXWQiOlGFtCiyDhnS5whttp//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQG9M6wiJybv-Q0B9nrpGcCCgiouFJm7OcSTbuerbKaNmQI06zTHuggies pull up diapers (jambo)Pull-Ups is a brand of disposable training pants made under the Huggies brand of baby products (wikipedia 2012). Kimberly clark makes all huggies brands diapers. Huggies Pull Ups diapers prices are expensive and it targets higher class families, its price is $49.90SWOT for Huggies Pull Ups diapersStrengthsWeaknessesHigh quality productIn business for a number of yearsLarge number of customersInternational brandVery expensiveOpportunitiesThreatsAdd new features to the productCompetition from other diaper br andshttp//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcRz57ETiCSX8zC3X2sR6yfCHy45Qbt75TBv1X9c4Jk6g__gyV8ATarget Market segment ProfileThe target market for this product is the parents of kids between the ages of 2 and 4 years. Huggies diapers are for upper middle class families and upper class families who prefer quality rather than price. Kimberly clark New Zealand is in partnership with plunket so they can give the best care to mothers by helping the nurses. Parents want a diaper that can fit their needs and brand loyalty is big amongst members of this crowd. This group is likely to choose this diaper product. Huggies Pull Ups is especially for kids who have started walking. Huggies Pull ups makes it easier for parents to change their childs diapers. Huggies pull ups comes for girls and boys also comes in different sizes. This target group needs quality brand of diapers loyal customers probably prefer to stick to this brand of diapers over all othersSituational AnalysisHuggies brands of diap ers are sold in different supermarkets and stores all over New Zealand it has created a good image on the minds of its customers, its quality is also the reason why many customers prefer to buy Huggies diapers. Huggies pull Ups diapers has got many competitors in the market, some competitors are pampers diapers, treasures, luv diapers. Huggies Pull Ups diapers have got competition from a wide range. Huggies Pull Ups will understand how to best penetrate its new market after carrying out full examination of its competitors.Competitor analysisHuggies diapers have been in business since 1989 it has made a good name for its self. Since 1989 to 2012 there have been a lot of changes made to the product, depending on the changing needs of the customer Ever since Huggies Pull-Ups became popular, several other diaper brands tried to copy their product (Wikipedia 2012). The product seeks to make life easier for parents that are making their child wear a diaper can be hard because at the targe ted age children move and play, using Huggies pull-ups is less time consumingInternal Environment ImpactsPersonal Care (43.7% of net sales, 61.6% of operating profit) The Personal Care segment manufactures and markets disposable diapers, training and youth pants, and swimpants baby wipes and incontinence care products. Products in this segment are mainly for home use and are sold under a range of brand names, including Huggies, Pull-Ups, Little Swimmers, GoodNites, Kotex and other brand namesInternal organisation and structureThe current board of directors of Kimberly-Clark Corporation are John Alm, Dennis Beresford, John Bergstrom, Abelanrdo Bru, Pastora Cafferty, Robert Decherd, doubting Thomas J. Falk, Claudio X. Gonzalez, Mae Jemison, Linda Rice, Marc Shapiro, and Craig Sullivan. Also in 2000, the company bought virtually all of Taiwans S-K Corporation the move made Kimberly-Clark one of the major manufacturers of consumer packaged goods in Taiwan. In 2001, Kimberly-Clark bought Italian diaper maker, Linostar, and announced it was closing four Latin American manufacturing plants. Kimberly-Clark Sub-Saharan Africas vision is determined nothing less than turning the $250 million business into a $1 billion business by 2015.Manufacturing processA prototype is an early sample or a model built to test a end or method or to act as thing to be fake or learned from. If a picture speaks 1000 words, then a prototype must speak 10,000. Which means a prototype of your new product is a must-have when developing and explaining your big idea. People use prototypes to prove, test and humble their ideas to all kinds of things. (Huggies.co.NZ)Human ResourceIt is the policy of Kimberly-Clark to hire, promote and support the professionalDevelopment of diverse global work force, employee safety andIndustrial hygiene is a fundamental value of the organization. Effectiveleadership lays the foundation for a solid safety and hygiene managementsystem by establishing facility-spec ific policies, providing resources, assigningresponsibilities, establishing expectations, and evaluating performancesManagementThe four-in-hand that managers the leadership team at Kimberly clarks New Zealand are elderberry bush Brand Manager Kleenex at Kimberly-Clark New Zealand, Grant Hartley Head of Marketing at Kimberly Clark NZ,Geeta Uka Senior Brand Manager Huggies.Research and developmentIn 1989, Huggies introduced Pull-Ups brand disposable training Pants.In 1992, single-sex Pull-Ups training pants were introduced with customized absorbency placed where boys and girls wet the most and also gender-specific prints, trucks for boys and pastel colored animals for girls.In 1997, Disney character designs were introduced, featuring Mickey Mouse for boys and Minnie Mouse for girls.Also in 2003, the slogan that was used in the original late-1980s and early-1990s commercials, Im a big kid now, was recycled for the products recent commercials.In 2004, single-sex underwear was introduc ed with customized absorbency placed were boys and girls wet the most and also gender-specific prints.In 2005, Pull-ups introduced training pants called Pull-Ups Wetness Liner Training Pants. These Pull-Ups are similar to the Learning Designs training pants, but contain a liner that makes the wearer face when he or she is wet by having the liner have an unpleasant feel to it when it is wet.In 2010, Pull-ups offered this phone call service accossiated with Disney. Mainly, as a reward for finishing potty training, the parent of the wearer could request a phone call in which the caller pretends to be a Disney Princess or Toy Story character. This was a limited time offer and is now a currently defunct service.In 2011,Goodnites halts its connection with Huggies but is still connected with Kimberly Clark.In 2012, the sides on the boys Pull-Ups were recolored from blue to red.(Wikipedia 2012)LocationLevel 1, 86 plunket Avenue, Manakau City, South Auckland New Zealand.External Relationshi pThe Kimberly-Clark Foundation, together with funding from the company and our employees, responds to causes and schedules with financial contributions, product donations and volunteer time. In 2011, Kimberly-Clark and our employees contributed $32.1 million in cash and product donations for charitable causes worldwide. As part of that amount, the Kimberly-Clark Foundation matched $1.25 million in employee giving, and awarded nearly $860,000 in grants to charities where our employees or their spouses volunteered more than 84,000 hours of their time.Kimberly-Clark has long-term partnerships with several charitable organizations that share our commitment to improving the health, hygiene and well-being of the worlds familiesCompetitive attitudeHigh qualityHuggies Pull Upspamperslow Price High PriceLuv DiapersTreasuresLow qualityEthical StandingsHuggies New Zealand has put all their baby care tips, techniques and information into 1 place, to help make newborn baby care as easy as poss ible for new mums and dads. Becoming a parent is a big change Having an online resource to support you through this life-changing event can help make this time even more special. Trust us, it will be over quicker than you think. Enjoy every minute.( Huggies.co.NZ) Kimberly-Clark New Zealand the makers of huggies diapers, has appointed specialist creative agency Green Team as its lead sustainability and tender responsibility agency to assist with the roll-out of a new sustainability and social responsibility platform for its Australia and New Zealand operations.Green Team will develop the creative for the program that will be implemented in phasesinitially focusing on employee engagement before launching externally. (campaignbrief.com)Others (Culture of Excellence)When it comes to culture and excellence huggies is in partnership with plunket in supporting the development of healthy families. Were committed to health promotion, providing services according to principles. (plunket.org .NZ).BABYCARE Category WinnersThe Best Products for Baby As Chosen by New Zealand Parents (ohbaby.co.nz)BABYCARE menageGOLD AWARDSILVER AWARDBest baby skincare lotionJohnsons Baby Bedtime LotionWeleda calendula baby lotionBest baby wipesHuggies unscented wipesSilk baby wipesBest bathtime productJohnsons Baby Top to ToeEcostore Baby Sleeptime BathBest cloth curly brandReal NappiesItti BittiBest disposable nappy brandHuggiesTreasuresBest nappy balmBepanthen OintmentSudocremBest teething productBonjelaWeleda teething powderSituational Analysis SummaryHuggies diapers pull Ups environment examine has determined that huggies Pull Ups has a number of advantages over the other diaper brands in the market. As a quality brand, it exceeds diapers in the lower and mid-price ranges. Huggies Pull Ups is a high priced diaper and its major competition in that price range is pampers diapers both are quality brands and are demanded by parents.A SWOT analysis was done of Huggies pull ups and its m ajor competitors in New Zealand. A positioning map was also created that shows where Huggies Pull Up diapers stands together with its competitors.The positioning map shows that Huggies is a high quality and high priced diaper therefore its target markets are upper middle class families and upper class families.

The Seagull by Anton Chekhov Analysis

The mug by Anton Chekhov AnalysisThe sea gull is sensation of Anton Chekhovs first acclaimed conveys, he claimed it to be five tons of discern. It is a occurdy of foil lives each char accomplishmenter has to deal with their own disap dosements in their look in their own way. Like more or less of his brings The Seagull is set in the countryside sooner than in the city, the causality for this is that, in the countryside population are forced into the homogeneous company with each other(a) ein truthday. This as well brings forth the psychological realism style in which Chekhov wrote. He was influenced by great Russian Realists like Tolstoi, Dostoevsky and Turgenev and it is evident in either told his plays including The Seagull. As far as it has been established, The Seagull was the first of Chekhovs plays to be acted give away in English. The Seagull is a naturalistic play in which the tone remains the same through break the play. It is non a theatrical play barely rather a play which presents people of ordinary and e realday look. This is especially evident through the plot of ground and action.Plot and Action.Although it is hard to establish the exact motoric signification of a naturalistic play because there is no definite action starting, one could say that the arrival of Arkadina and her jazzr Trigorin is the motoric moment as that is when til nowts start to develop.In the first Act the audience is presented with the image of a country landed estate setting, the estate is owned by a former government employee, Sorin. On appearance its look onn or rather noniceable that Sorin is a very sickly worldly concern. In this act his sister, a noned actress Arkadina arrives at the estate with her lover, the writer Trigorin, for a before long vacation. During this act all the guests of the estate are on their way to watch a play written and directed by Arkadinas son Konstantin Treplyov, this is to be he latest attempt to create a fresh and new theatrical from, and that also presents a dense tokenic form of theatrical art. He does this to pass on his mothers favor. He in reality tries to create a new theatrical genre. The leading lady is a girl from a neighboring estate, called Nina, as the star of the public, which is obviously assumed to be her role within the play. During a discussion about the play Arkadina makes is clear that she deals it is silly and disregards it as ridiculous and in a state of disgrace, Konstantin storms of the stage. It is here where we afford our first crisis. Chekhovs plays created drama out of everyday circumstances such as loving and longing, like Konstantin longing for his mothers approval here, rather than the grand gestures of heroes and heroines of his earlier plays. The interesting and troubling love triangles are revealed. The Seagull is a play cloyed with unrequited love because most all the characters love person who does not fork over their affection. Nina is courte d by Konstantin, who loved and admired the daughter of the estate steward, Masha, who is in turn admired by the school teacher Medviedenko. succession Masha confides in the easily and elderly Doctor Dorn, he simply blames it on the romantic spell the moon and lake has spread amongst the young personsters of the country. Medviedenko loves Masha tho she does not feel the same about him I am touched by your affection but I stoogenot return it that is all. It is because of all these sub-plots that makes the play almost anti- senseal. In the first act it is established that Konstantin feels like a failure to his mother.The second act starts with revealing the outside of the estate, during what hitms to be a lovely afternoon, with Arkadina (amongst others) reminiscing about happier epochs the good ancient days. Short after Arkadina and the house steward Shamrayef is caught in the middle of a rather heated argument, right then and there Arkadina decides to leave and return to capi tal of the Russian Federation Under the circumstances I shall go back to Moscow this very day, its a very dramatic way to handle things throwing all your dolls out of your cot because someone wouldnt give you a horse. As the rest of the party started making their way back into the house, Nina stayed behind. Its a rather curious thing when Konstantin surprises Nina with a gift a dead seagull. Its unusual for a boy who is in love to give the girl of his dreams a dead seagull that he shot. Its no surprise when Nina face turns to horror and disgust at the sight of the strange gift, presented to her by the boy who is courting her. Although it is imperative to remember that this seagull becomes a very important symbol in the play because Konstantin claims that he give soon shoemakers last his demeanor in the same way. At that moment Trigorin approaches the scene, upon spotting the exquisite and talented writer, Treplyov storms of the stage in a jealous rage. Its obvious that Nina p retends a liking to Trigorin when she asks him to tell her about his life as a writer. He explains to her that its definitely not an easy one. A conversation starts betwixt the twain, Nina tells Trigorin about her desire to become an actress. Nina confesses to Trigorin that she does realise that its not an easy life but is willing to do everything in her power to make a success of her dreams and aspirations to become an actress. When Trigorin sees the strange gift Konstantin has given Nina, it inspires him to write a short story, he startsA young girl lives all her life on the shore of a lake. She loves the lake, like a seagull, and shes happy and bountiful, like a seagull. entirely a man arrives by chance, and when she sees her, he destroys her, out of sheer boredom. Like this Seagull. It seems as though he is using the story to lure her into his den of poetic romanticism and heating plant and to no ones surprise, it works. Right at that moment Arkadina calls him to reveal to him that she has alternated her mind about leaving immediately and would rather like to stay on a low longer. When Trigorin leaves the set Nina stays behind, ranting and raving about how modest and famous he is and describes him as her dream.Chekhov centers his plot on the romantic and artistic conflict between the young and up-coming Nina and the ageing Arkadina as well as the ever experimental Konstantin and the leg sackary Trigorin. Most of the Seagulls action happens off-stage and the plot is developed by the way in which the characters deal with what has happened. thitherfore when the play does eventually continue in act 3 we are made aware of the fact that Konstantin tried to commit felo-de-se and that Trigorin and Arkadina are leaving. Konstantins suicide is a result of Nina not returning his love but choosing Trigorin over him where his mother does the same (taking the writers side).Chekhovs The Sea-Gull has similar attributes to the plot as Hamlet. There is a play with in a play. In the same way in which Hamlet tries to win Queen Gertrude back from his uncle Claudius, Konstantin tries to win his mother from Trigorin. The plot thickens when Arkadina and Konstantin have another argument about Trigorin whilst at the same time we see that Trigorin and Nina make plans to meet up in Moscow.In between the two acts (that is act one and two) Konstantin attempts to kill him egotism he fails at this attempt and walks around with a heavily bandaged head for the duration of Act three. At this point Arkadina and Trigorin have come to a decision to depart from the country estate. Trigorin is found eating breakfast in the kitchen, when Nina enters and presents him with a medallion that proving her ever lasting idolatry and admiration for him, she also includes a line from one of his own books If you ever need my life, come and take it. At first she seems foolish and you are left over(p)(a) with a thought of a silly teenage obsession, especially when she resort s to begging him to let her see him one last time before he leaves to return to Moscow with Arkadina. Nina disappears off-stage just before Arkadina and Sorin enters its easily seen that Sorins sickness is worsening by the minute. Trigorin also leaves the scene, to go finish his packaging for the trip back to Moscow. Arkadina and Sorin engages in a short word war, after which Sorin collapses of pure grief, luckily Medviedenko is present to help the weak and sickly Sorin off the stage. At that point Konstantin enters and asks his mother to please change his bandages, while Arkadina s changing his bandages he starts an argument, by disregarding Trigorin. The argument is closinged and Konstantin leaves in tears. Trigorin then reenters and asks her if they can stay on at the estate but Arkadina flatters him into leaving for Moscow anyway. As Arkadina leaves the stage Nina enters for a final goodbye, she tells him of how she is running away to become an actress against her parents wishe s. They kiss passionately and scheme to meet in Moscow.Two years pass and once again most of the action took place off-stage like Nina and Trigorin who did meet up in Moscow, had an affair but Trigorin left Nina for Arkadina when Nina lost the baby. Masha, despite her feelings for Konstantin married Medviedenko and they have a baby together. Instead of elaborate events Chekhov focuses on smaller detail in the plot. When act 4 starts we see that Konstantin has finally published some short stories. Arkadina and Trigorin are once again back on Sorins farm because of Sorins unstable health. The tension is never lost in the play and there is a very short build up to the climax of the play where Nina comes to Konstantin to speak to him without any of the other characters knowing. She starts by describing their lives and stating that even though the achieved what they wanted life is still not that good. Before she leaves she says that she still loves Trigorin despite of everything that ha s happened. That was rather unnecessary, poor guy. Figures, because after that all the characters enter again and we hear a gun shot and then (finally) the play has reached its climax when Konstantin shoots himself like he shot the seagull earlier. He was never pleased with his work and he could never please the womanhood he lovedso what would you do?There is not much of a denouement as Dorn enters to tell Trigorin to take Arkadina away because Konstantin has shot himself. (I sincerely hope her conscience will drive her insane). Everything that happens in the plot is a result of their surroundings. The environment in which the characters are put in The Seagull is that of a farm in the country, and without a Playstation Im sure you can imagine they did a whole lot of head searching. It is this soul searching that highlights most of the themes we find in the play.ThemesThe theme of unrequited love and the passing of time become apparent in the play. As earlier mentioned the play st arts off with all the characters loving someone but the person they love have another love interest and they show no commitment, its like a vicious circle. Masha really loves Konstantin but he does not return her love so she believes that her love for him will eventually pass with time or if she waits long enough he come to his senses and love her back. But this never happens and by the time (of act 3) she changes her mind and decides upon Medviedenkos love which he has had for her from the beginning By marrying Medviedenko When Trigorin threatens to leave Arkadina (who is an ageing actress holding on ferociously to her status) she begs him to stay with her Am I then so old and ugly that you can talk to me like this without any shame about another woman I could never endure it should you desert me. As time goes by Sorin becomes more ill. As time passes in the play their desires and love for certain things or people grow stronger which ultimately leaves them hopeless, this brings us to the second theme. Alienation and loneliness come to all the characters at some point in the play. The character that is distinctly the most isolated is Konstantin. Once again as we have established numerous times, this is because the character cannot reach the person he or she loves. Konstantin is isolated because of his strange artistic style that he tries to create and because Arkadina, his mother, rejects him while all the other characters look up to her. To put the cherry on the cake for this poor man, when he turns to Nina for comfort she denies him and therefore he becomes even lonelier. He truly feels that he receives no understanding and that he wants to be left alone And for heavens sake, all of you leave me alone Go away. In the same way Sorin feels very lonely and he has never had the love he wanted Women never care me. He wants to leave the country but everybody is so absorbed in their own lives that no one ever listens to the poor man when he speaks. Towards the en d of the play Nina becomes lonely in her own sense when she is rejected by Trigorin, she lost her baby and her parents dont want her. We clearly see her disorientation I have been wandering about on the shores of the lake ever since I came back. I have often been closemouthed your house, but I have never had the courage to come in. When one becomes lonely you start to judge your life automatically trying to find the source of your alienation. This then brings us to the third theme of self military rating that includes self awareness or self consciousness. The characters in the play have more than enough time to do this, seeing that the main idea in Chekhovs work is internal action. Sorin speaks of how he is unfeignedly more suited for the city because all he wants to do on the farm is sleep For some reason boy, country life doesnt suit me Arkadina explains why she looks so mythical and why Masha looks so much older that herself my heart and mind are always busy. I am always well groomed, as the saying is, and carefully dressed, with my hair neatly arranged. Quite a vain lady if you ask me. Sorin compares his life to Dorns and says that Dorn has had a full life and must not judge his unhealthy lifestyle of drinking and smoking. Nina evaluates her life by concerning herself with the fact the she would do anything to become a famous actress. She states that she would love to swap places with Trigorin anytime To find out how a famous genius feels. What is it like to be famous? What sensation does it give you? Whilst al the characters have time to do self evaluating they try to figure out lifes meaning which is the next theme YayThis is the theme of existentialism. Existentialism suggests that humankind must find something to make life meaningful and to fill their own voids. The one very prominent character in this theme is Masha who brings the theme forth in the beginning of the play when she mourns her life as Medviedenko says Why do you always wear mourning? This suggests that her life is nonsensical she is frustrated and bored with her life because she cannot win Konstantins love and without that her life is meaningless to her I shall not marry for love, but marriage will at least be a change, and will bring new cares to deaden the memories of the past. some(prenominal) Konstantin and Nina believe that they will find meaning in their work while Nina believes that as long as she is acting she is fulfilling her purpose I believe, and do not suffer so much, and when I think of my calling I do not fear life. cardinal never thinks that Konstantins void has truly been fulfilled even though he does publish some work. In the same manner Sorin never comes close to finding the meaning of his life and at times he wonders why he is still alive.The last theme I will be discussing is the theme of the role of the artist. All four of the protagonists Arkadina, Nina, Konstantin and Trigorin, are artists. They are either aspiring or settled artists. Co-incidentally they are all in love but they all handle their situations very differently. Kostantin uses his artistry to gain his mothers approval of him and it is also because of his failure in the beginning of the play that he believes that is the reason Nina stopped loving him because he says All began when my play failed dismally. A woman can never forgive failure. It seems Chekhov was a smart man On the opposite end on the rope of success, Trigorin receives a great amount of attention because of his fame. Everybody respects him and does not judge him, so it is easy to see why Konstantin felt violated and ashamed, and to top it off Nina gives Trigorin a gift and says Think of me sometimes. She totally fell for his fabulous artistry. Both Trigorin and Arkadina had a good life because people respect them. She uses her position as the established actress to excuse the manner in which she speaks at times. People almost put her on a pedestal as Nina says How strange it is to see a famous actress weeping This is because Nina really longs for fame and the glorious life of an artist. In the play Chekhov makes it out to be the ultimate thing as Nina goes as far as to say For the bliss of being a writer or an actress I could endure want, and disillusionment, and the hatred of my friends It could be said that in The Sea-Gull there is an illusion at the beginning of the play that the life of an artist is great however towards the end of the play when looking at Nina and Konstantin it is in fact not so very true.CharacterizationThe first character I will discuss is Konstantin Treplyov. Konstantin is an emotion and unstable (or over dramatic depends on which way you look at it) character and this is evident in the fact that he first threatens to commit suicide So shall I soon end my own life. He does not only attempt it, he succeeds at it. This is a result of the fact that he never finds anything to fill his existentialistic void with. The one thing he believes will fill it is Nina, Konstantin is hopelessly in love I want to see her, I must see her. I shall follow her. But Nina never returns his love. He likes to an individual despite the fact that he knows his type of writing might not be welcomed by everybody but still he writes it No, we must have it under new form. If we cant do that, let us rather not have it at all. He is a very jealous man he mostly portrays this jealousy towards Trigorin who has everything he dreams of, an established career as a writer and the affection of both Arkadina and Nina.Nina Zarietchnaya is the second character to discuss. She is ambitious and she will do anything to become a famous actress. She even slipped out of the house as her parents did not approve of her dream. She is passionate about her acting but she does not believe in herself enough to conquer It is a dream of my life which will never come true. We come to see that Nina is lonely towards the end of the play because her parents have written her off and Trigorin has dropped her like a hot potato. She says to him when he leaves her for Arkadina One must know how to bear ones cross She competes with Arkadina for Trigorins love. Nina is the character to see herself as the seagull, subscribe off letters under the name and always drawn to the lake and free until someone shoots her down.Arkadina is the mother of Konstantin and a very well-known(a) actress. Because of her acting ability she is judgmental when it comes to Konstantins pays What decadent rubbish. She thinks less of her son than herself and a lot of her actions are self centered. Actresses in this particular play have a high status, and Arkadina becomes egoistic and arrogant when asked about other artists Dont ask me who those antediluvians are I know nada about them. She is so afraid that Konstantin will take away her limelight even though she has long passed her prime. She is a very stingy person she use give money to her ill brother or to Konstantin who needs new clothes even though she does have the money I really havent the money. And subsequently on she says Of course I have some money, but I am an actress and my expense for dress alone is enough to bankrupt me. She is Trigorins lover.Trigorin is a well-known writer who never, well, stops writing. Whenever he has an idea or hears something he likes he writes it down and he sometimes gets lost in a fantasy world. He is drawn to the lake where he could fish the whole time as there is nothing that he finds more pleasing and this is seen when he says There must be a lot of fish in this lake. He is however rather modest when he replies to Ninas question on his fame Either you exaggerate my fame, or else, if it exists, all I can say is that one simply doesnt feel fame in any way. One could say that he is a follower, when Arkadina wants them to leave he puts up a half hearted fight and then leaves. When the opportunity arises for him to have an affair with Nina he grabs it but then leaves her a gain. He does not see himself as a good writer but merely as someone doing his duty Here lies Trigorin a clever writer, but he was not as good as Turgenev. He is admired by all the characters in the play and he is Arkadinas lover. He never gets into any real conflict with anyone. They all see him as a great artist for whom thy have great respect.The other two characters we meet in The Seagull are Masha and Sorin. Mash is unhappy with her life because she cannot fill up her void, she loves Konstantin but he does not love her back. (Why cant these people just move on?) This is evident when she says I dress in black to match my life. I am unhappy. She marries Medviedenko to get over Konstantin she has a baby with her husband but refuses to go home to look after the child Nonsense, Matriona will feed it. She is rude towards her husband Would I might never see your face again. Sorin is quite the opposite, he is quiet and misunderstood because no one listens when he talks. He is supportiv e towards everyone but especially toward Konstantin I am devoted to him and he is fond of me He never really got to do the things he wanted to do and he lives in a country that he hates. He even mentions how he never got marries, spoke eloquently or became an author.The other characters in the seagull play rather minor roles, but we can still come to notice their unique character traits. Medviedenko is a polite man and very apologetic despite the fact that Masha is being a female dog toward him, he replies I should not have troubled you all but the baby Dorn is a doctor and his opinion is respected. He also has a secret attraction towards Paulina. He is very observant and also a commence figure for both Masha and Konstantin I do not love my father, but my heart turns to you. For some reason, I feel with all my soul that you are near to meLanguage, dialogue and symbolismThrough the dialogue the tension of the play is kept throughout because there is not a lot of action that takes pl ace. It is for this reason that the pitch is filled with pauses especially between acts. Just like there are pauses, moments of silence also carry weight and contributes to the mood and feel of the play. Chekhov uses language that can easily be understood and he does not write in metrical patterns. The word in the play is of utmost importance and the feel end weight of the play lies with it. The characters are a true representation of life and therefore they communicate in that manner. Sometimes the characters talk in short sentences and not in paragraphs in order to keep the action in the play going strong. In The Sea-Gull, the play which Konstantine wrote is filed with personification and the unhappy moon now lights her lamp in vain. Chekhov likes to refer to well known characters in the script like Napoleon, Caesar and Alexander the great. He also makes use of quotes by William Shakespeare Thou turnst my eyes into my very soul -As mentioned earlier there are a few comparisons be tween The Sea-Gull and Hamlet. The dialogue is packed with descriptions as Chekhov pays attention to the finest details in the play. For instance where Arkadina speaks of how good she looks, she really goes overboard in her descriptions. Dorns character often sings tell her, oh flowers The characters sometimes sit and philosophise about life and Chekhov makes use of metaphors for example when Konstantin describes how he feels about Nina not loving him wake to find this lake dried up and sunk into the earth.Repetition in words become apparent, I think the reason for this is, because of the theme of existentialism, the repeating in words contribute to the repetition of their meaningless, pretentious and void less lives. Most words are repeated three times (three was considered an unlucky or evil number) words, words, words. and have to go back to it and begin to write, write, write. As this is naturalism Chekhov wrote in everyday prose with the normal cliches as well. To establish th e simplicity of the play he refers numerously to nature. Banham Chekhovs way is to supply a thousand details for his creatures to remain true to themselves while they also interact and reflect the embracing mood of the moment as a group Banham, M. 1988. Cambridge Guide to Theatre. New York Cambridge University Press.The main symbol in the play is the seagull, which is also what the play is called. Funny enough, the play was inspired by an actual dead seagull Chekhov found on the beach. The seagull is mention in the beginning of the play and we are constantly reminded of it. The seagull is an innocent bird with an bonnie life that is destroyed by human indifference this is the image we create. Firstly we see Konstantin as the seagull after shooting it he places it at Ninas feet and threatens to take is life in much the same way. He thought of himself as an aspiring artist until he killed the seagull his mother mistreated him. The same rage he portrays is killing the seagull is a sy mbol for the inner conflict and violence inside him. The same way Nina also associated herself with the seagull by signing letters she writes to Trigorin as the seagull. Nina becomes the wounded seagull which returns home to the river to heal. Ninas dedication to her art ultimately reverses her fate and she becomes strong, and takes strength like the seagull I am a seagull Another rather important symbol is the lake. For every character the lake has a different meaning. For Trigorin for instance it is a place where he is at field pansy and he can catch fish all day. For Nina it is a safe haven and a reminder of home where she receives comfort. Konstantin gets the simplicity he wants from it when he stages his play there no artificial scenery needed. The eye travels directly to the lake, and rests on the horizon. This is Anton Chekhovs way of moving to naturalistic theatre. The weather in the play is a symbol of moods. Every time there is a storm brewing we know an argument is on it s way. In the beginning the weather is bad when he fails and after when he shoots himself. In other words, the weather is used as a foreshadowing mechanism. This again can be emphasised by the way Chekhov combine simplicity in the naturalistic manner that he wrote in.Other elementsSome interesting things about Chekhov come to mind. His very first plays were one act comedies which were very entertaining. His first full length plays Ivanov and The wood demon was unsuccessful. The Wood demon was so badly critisised that Chekhov vowed never to write again. In the same manner The Seagull was also unsuccessful when it was first performed at the Alexandrisky Theatre in St Petersburg. The main reason for this is because people were not use to new ideas and this play had nothing in common with the other normal plays of that time because it was devoid of dramatic action and more internal action was focused on. It was Vladimir Nemirovich Danchenko who came to Chekhovs rescue and convinced hi m to let the impertinently found Moscow art theatre perform his play, this lead to the great success of The seagull. Konstantin Stanislavsky staged The Sea-Gull in 1898 and as you can imagine he turn it into a great success. It is interesting to know that Chekhov an Stanislavsky did not get along, for Chekhov did not like the way Stanislavsky directed his play, with total and complete devoid of action onstage. But we know this was the major introduction to the internal action of a character and the play was indeed popular so you can imagine Chekhov quickly forgave Stanislavsky.The Sea-Gull was performed in the Joseph Papp Public Theatre as part of the New York Shakespeare Festival summer season in Central Park from the 12th of August 2001 to the 26th 2001. (One would think Shakespeares plays should be performed at his festival.) Directed by Mike Nichols and (this is my favorite part), starred Meryl Streep as Arkadina and Natalie Portman as Nina.The Royal Shakespeare Company perfor med the piece in January 2008 and then most recently The Classic Stage Company in New York City revived the work in March 2008 in a production. It was Paul Schmidts interpreting and it was directed by Viacheslav Dolgachev.An acclaimed Russian critic, Nebakov, stated that Chekhov was not a great writes but a pleasant one. Chekhov noted that fiction was his wife and drama his screaky impudent and tiresome mistress. His reputation rests on the plays The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, The three sisters and the Cherry Orchard. He is the son of a former serf but his grandfather bought their freedom. His father pulse rate him up but he inherited his mothers gentleness. Chekhov studied medicine but his writing took up most of his time. He started off with his short comic sketches and that stipendiary for his university fees. Chekhov fell in love with Olga Knipper, a leading actress, and married her in 1901. He died shortly after of Tuberculosis in Germany at the age of 44.The Seagull is a landma rk play for the world of drama. Influenced greatly by existentialism it portrays how each individual must find a manner in which to fill their own empty gap of void in their lives in order to live a happy life. It is a comedy in which we observe how people can rub each other up n the wrong way causing so many hilarious conflicts and how people end up failing one another. The way in which Konstantin has to work to win his mothers affection is ridiculous but captivating. Although the tone never changes there are clear changes in the characters.I rather enjoyed reading The Seagull because of the fact that nothing is going on yet it involves so much action and therefore it is different from popular normal comedies.BibliographyBanham, M. 1988. Cambridge Guide to theatre. New York Cambridge University PressChekhov, A. 1994. Uncle Vanya and other plays. Translated by B.Hulick. Canada Bantam books.The seagull. 2007. Wikipedia. (online). Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/_seagull (a ccessed on 12 August 2008)Hochman, S. 1984. Encuclopedia of world drama. 2nd ed. New York McGraw-Hill.

Emotional Transitions to Adulthood Essay -- Papers

Emotional Transitions to Adulthood During the early part of adulthood major excited transition takes place. At the beginning of the adulthood lifestage you begin to seprate from your parents and family and no longer rely upon your peers to support you in a pratical way- such as doing your washing and besides in a emotional way, you begin to find that your parents arent such a big fixture in your life. During our early adulthood we spend alot of our time decision a partner and once we do we become emotionally attached and begin to rely upon our spouse for support as we once did our parents. During our adulthood we work out the transition to 3 new roles- worker, partner and parent and must adapt emotionally to fit these new roles. Becoming a parent is a major life event which usually happens in adulthood. As a parent you must learn to mound with a whole new type of emotions and get by which you possibly havent felt before. Becoming a parent creates a greater feeling of self- worth. As life expectancy is increasing it is normal to have virtuoso parent (usually mother) still living yet it is not uncommon to have to deal with the death of at least peerless parent which is emotionally unbalancing. Greif is, emotionally, one of the hardest life evnts to deal with. It can take people years to get over the death of a loved one and some people neer recover and cant laearn to deal with the huge sense of emptiness and loneliness the death of a loved one can leave. Towards the end of adulthood you have to deal with the feelings that your children no longer need you, which can be particulary hard when the youngest child leaves home as for most of ... ...e out-lived their spouse retirement can be a very lonely time with few chances to communicate with other people, particulary if they are still in mourning which is quite common. If they suffer from a disability it leave likely effect their tender life. I t can often leave a person house-bound which will greatly effect their enjoyment of later adulthood. In conclusion, a persons enjoyment of life during later adulthood greatly depends on a variety things which leaves me doubtless in thinking that will effect a persons social life. Some people find as they get older their social becomes non- existent and it can also appear that they are simplt waiting to die. However, for some people, nether the right circumstances their social life has never looked as healthy and their best part of their life was during retirement.