Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Case study - Essay Examplee is motivated by the claim to satisfy the following psychological needs which include contend and relaxing, personal fulfilment, self expression as well as curiosity among early(a)s. It go off as well be said that she seeks to fulfil the social needs, derived from Maslows hierarchy of needs or motivation theory. Social needs in particular, are concerned with love, friendship and esteem (McCarthy and Perreault 1990). These are often have a bearing on the persons interaction with others. Personal needs on the other hand are concerned with an individuals need for personal satisfaction which is often unrelated to what others may think.As a point of departure, it can be said that one of the main reasons why we alcohol addiction is to give ourselves confidence in the belief that alcohol will set us at ease especially with strangers (McNeill 1986). However, there are various other reasons for drinking such as wanting to please others, fighting loneliness or u sing alcohol as a bridge between several(predicate) people. From this assertion, it can be noted that Melanies drinking habits are driven by psychological needs to a greater extent. Indeed, she appreciates the fact that alcohol can cause harm to her health but this does not deter her from drinking. She drinks inorder to fulfil the psychological need to play as well as to relax. She believes that its part of cosmos a student to drink. In the opening remarks she says, I know I perhaps drink too much but its part of being a student, isnt it? From this statement it can be seen that drinking is one of the popular ways of relaxing and perhaps derive pleasure in the life of a student. Whilst she does not drink on a daily basis, it can be seen that she does especially on Mondays and Wednesdays which are dedicated as days for student expeditiousness and have since been entrenched as part of the student culture.It can be seen that she also drinks for personal fulfilment as well as self exp ression. A night out on a drinking binge with

Queer theory with The Beauty and Beast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Queer theory with The Beauty and Beast - Essay ExampleBelle, serve as the protagonist of the work, shows a continued distaste towards the masculine, and instead falls in love with the feminine aspects of the beast, hinting at feminine-feminine attraction as an acceptable rule of sexuality.Gender is developed quite early in the film, and defined primarily by two characters, Belle and Gaston. The film depicts both as the pinnacles of their respective genders an opening numbers notes that Belles name means beauty, while a song about Gaston point out that theres no man in township thats as manly/ perfect a pure paragon (Beauty and the Beast) Thus, from the opening of the film the feminine is identified with Belle while the masculine is identified with Gaston.victimization this association, it is possible to determine what the film identifies as being feminine or masculine characteristics. Belle, for example, is an fantastically caring person, taking care of her tottering father as we ll as caring for various animals around her such as her horse. She also enjoys reading and exploring the world of the mind. Physically, the feminine is defined by long silken hair (as opposed to the tight pony tails often worn by men) and more delicate features. Gaston, on the other hand, demonstrates the films intellectual of maleness. The masculine consists of a series of valued behaviors, such as drinking hunting fighting, eating eggs and so forth (Beauty and the Beast). Furthermore, the song Gaston enumerates the aspects physical attributes associated with masculinity incredible size, a thick neck, a cleft chin, strength (biceps to spare) and every last bit covered in hair (Beauty and the Beast).The problem, however, is that the masculine is incredibly repulsive to Belle. She has absolutely no attraction to Gaston, and has to turn him down as

How did the discovery of the Americas impacted European life Essay

How did the discovery of the Americas impacted European life - Essay ExampleIn this respect, Columbus discovery of a New mankind was a disappointment, because he had gone in search of western access to Japan and India. He failed to return to Spain loaded with spices. But next Spanish-backed explorations soon turn up the value of the newly discovered lands (Kishlansky 358). The discoveries of Americas in the startle place influenced the economic development of Europe. There began to emerge a colonial system that has accelerated the capitalistic production in Western Europe and contributed to the accumulation of the large sums of money in the hands of bourgeoisie. The latter opened the door to the organization of the large enterprises. The discovery of new lands could not but influence the worldview of the European people, their religious, philosophical and religious thought. The discovery of Americas had also a huge impact on the European habits, because the firstly traders brough t to Europe such integral parts of everyday life like java and tobacco. These products were unknown in Europe before. The influence of tobacco and drinking chocolate could not be questioned. Thus, the current paper discusses the impact that the discovery of Americas had on the Western European economy, on religious and philosophical thought, and on peoples everyday habits in the early modern period. ... The monopoly on these new markets guaranteed the rapid accumulation of capital in the countries of the Western Europe. There began the so-called price variety (Fischer 68). It was caused by the import of large amounts of American gold and silver to Europe. During the 14th century the total amount of hard money in Europe change magnitude more than 4 times. The large inflow of relatively cheap gold and silver led to the sharp drop of their value and to the significant increase in prices for agricultural and industrial products. The revolution in pries has strengthened the urban and rural bourgeoisie and advanced their incomes. The feudal lords were broken. The poorest peasants and workers suffered abundant damages due to the price revolution. The prices for agricultural products have grown to a much greater extent than for the luxuries (Fischer 77). In Spain, for example, due to the increasing costs a number of goods became uncompetitive. This was one of the reasons for the decline of the manufacturing and commerce in this country. However, due to the same reasons the Dutch merchants came at the international stage as the leading trade agents. Gold inflation had a great impact on the industrial development, accelerating the transition to capitalism manufacturing. There was a sharp decline in the wages of the workers. Thought, the nominal value of the wages increased, it was not sufficient in comparison with price increases. In France, price revolution lead to the numerous peasants revolts, because they could not cope with burdensome taxes and rent they had to pay their lords. Naturally, when the prices for the goods of the first necessity became impossible, it led to the increasing discontent among masses (Spielvogel

Tabloid, Celebrity Internet Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tabloid, Celebrity Internet Assignment - Essay ExampleThe natural Internet values, therefore, undermine the traditional internet values whereby infotainment becomes rampant. The audiences, therefore, get obsessed with tabloids and the tabularization culture in the modern society. Hence, there is something beyond the social media or the Internet availability factor that is a driving force towards this appetite (Holmes and Redmond 46).More important, the desire towards this move is by the fact that tabloid significantly immersed in exploring the privacy of various celebrities. It is obvious that this counts towards the sales of tabloids. For instance, the tabloids had sold millions of issues to the public through the internet by the ridiculous heading of the cover reading Obama gay scandal. Therefore, the celebrities much(prenominal) as entertainers and athletes considerably advance the spread of tabloids as their names and their images sold to the public in an engaging manner. In ma ny occasions, the lives of the famous people revoke up revealed by the camera through the Internet drawing on a set of stylistic features. More often, such actions taken by media persons in the move to the sale or reach to the public in a massive manner thereby, use celebrities to make a profit (Holmes and Redmond 49).The pro breedingration of the electronic media as well as changed peoples taste of reading news with a view to the general generation. The public has developed the culture of learning about the everyday life of top celebrities through the internet. For instance, many celebrities have their twitters, Facebook and blog most managed by them. Therefore, this makes the celebrity issues a neighbor to the public on the internet. Hence, the public ends up to a greater extent interested in peeking onto the affairs of the new neighbors (Barkin 34).The move also fueled by the means of getting the news related to celebrities in the modern society. For instance, the development

Cancer Treatment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cancer Treatment - Research Paper ExampleThe choice for treatment depends on factors such as location, degree of severity, grade of tumour and the general state of the patient. In essence, the goal of crabby person treatment is to remove or put down the malignant cells without excessive damage to the body.Surgical treatment involves surgical excision of a tumour or an entire organ notwithstanding the propensity of crab louse cells to microscopically metastases makes it effective only in localized small pubic louses such as breast and prostate tumours. Radiation therapy can come in the take a shit of radiotherapy, X-ray therapy and irradiation and uses ionizing radiation to kill cancer cells. This kind of therapy is used for the treatment of cancers of the brain, cervix, larynx, breast, lung, pancreas, skin, prostate, stomach, uterus or soft tissue sarcomas. It is also used in the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma. Chemotherapy involves the treatment of cancer with cytotoxic d rugs that can have many effects specifically ge ared towards the elimination of cancer cells. One of the effects of the drugs is to interfere with cell division by hindering the duplication of DNA and the separation of chromosomes. The anticancer drugs travel through the bloodstream making it useful for cancers that have spread. Leukemias and lymphomas and cancer of the testicles can be treated with chemotherapy but breast, colorectal, lung and prostate cancer cannot be cured by chemotherapy alone. Monoclonal antibody therapy involves the administration of antibodies that bind to a protein on the muster of the cancer cells. Anti-HER2/neu antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) and the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab are examples of this type of treatment. Immunotherapy makes use of a variety of strategies to enhance the immune system of patients. Examples of these include interferons and cytokines for renal cell carcinoma and melanoma and intravesical BCG. The most special K combination of cancer treatment is surgery or radiation therapy followed by chemotherapy. There are many factors that determine the effectiveness of each method but there is increasing preference for combined modalities. This includes not only the physical uniqueness of the patient but also the socioeconomic limitations of the patient and the state which whitethorn be sponsoring the treatment. It is quite well known that cancer treatment is a financially challenging enterprise. 2.0 Research AimThe financial cost of treatment varies agree to the degree of treatment required and the goal of the research to be conducted is to determine whether price differentials have an effect in morbidity and mortality in cancer treatment. To be specific, the inquiry would look into whether costlier procedures would to lead better results which would be taken as the lowering or eliminating the cancerous cells in the patients body. 3.0 MethodologyAs previously mentioned, there is an increasing trend towards multi disciplinary treatment of cancer implying that there could be difficulties in comparing efficiency and effectiveness due to the overlapping of treatment. There are also many forms of cancer which further compounds the complexity of the issue. These concerns necessitate the need to define and limit the scope of the

How Does Hosseini Tell the Story in Chapter 2 Essay Example for Free

How Does Hosseini Tell the Story in Chapter 2 EssayDuring this azoic stage of the novel, narrative is fundamental in forming the basis and definition of Amir, the protagonist and teller of the news report. As well as this, several expectations for the novel are to a fault established, particularly in terms of characterization and plot. Whilst the book as a whole can be described as a psychological exploration into the complexities of guilt and jealousy, this chapter differs in the sense that the narration deliberately refrains from discussing any thoughts or emotions of Amir. Founded on factual knowledge such as dates, times, births, deaths, and directly quoted dialogue, the formal footprint may reflect the writers attitude to the material being discussed perhaps he is ashamed and wants, during this chapter, to distance himself from emotional implications and accountability? Instead, we are introduced to the voices of opposite characters, such as Baba, Ali and Sanaubar. This begins to embed the idea that the plot will revolve around a delicate web of interpersonal relationships.Furthermore, Hosseinis first-person narrator makes the larger story of Afghanistans troubles seem very personal, as Amirs tale of personal abuse, betrayal, and redemption, mirrors the tale of Afghanistan itself. Hosseini uses contrast to illustrate the inverse lives of Amir and Hassan. Endless description of infinite luxury, marble surfaces, the transport of fire, and curved walls steering through one room after another, is followed by a single sentence, almost as an afterthought, mentioning Hassan and Alis humble mud chantey at the bottom of the garden.The choice of sentence structure is reflective of their positions in society their respective lifestyles are the culmination of ethnic tensions and intolerances. However, a degree of relation remains, a similarity that is irrelevant of society. Both Hassan and Amir have lost their mothers, and as a consequence, only have their fathers and each other. They are closer than uniform friends, or more like brothers.Their relationship plays a central role in the book, and it figures in another theme that is introduced in this chapter standing up for what is right. yet despite this undeniable connection, Amir cannot call Hassan a friend, in the same way that Baba never refers to Ali as a friend either. The looming division of religious beliefs is moreover intensified by the blasphemous language used by the soldiers in reference to Hassans mother, which gives an impression of the control and sadistic ways associated with the treatment of Hazaras by the Pashtuns.The significance of setting becomes increasingly apparent as the book goes on, and in this chapter we are introduced to the pastoral environment that sets the scene for the childhood that Amir and Hassan shared. Hosseini crafts a regular(prenominal) landscape in descriptive detail of the Afghanistan that once was, of sunlight, trees, fruit, and autumn c olours. This imagery is recurrent in passages of retrospective throughout the novel, and is part of a structural jut out to effectively shock the reader in later chapters when Amir returns to Afghanistan.

How Accurate Is Eyewitness Testimony Essay Example for Free

How Accurate Is Eyewitness Testimony EssayThe bedrock of the Ameri usher out judicial abut is the h wholenesssty of witnesses in trial. Eyewitness testimony whoremonger make a deep impression on a jury, which is ofttimes exclusively assigned the role of sorting forth credibility issues and making judgments close the truth of witness statements. In the U. S. , there is the possibility of over 5,000 wrongful convictions each year be caseful of mistaken eyewitness acknowledgments. The nonstop flow of media stories that tell of innocent heap being incarcerated should serve as a signal to us that the human identification process is rife with a large number of error risks. These risks stir been largely supported by research. Unfortunately, a jury ra confide hears of the risks therefore, eyewitness testimony remains a ofttimes-used and much-trusted process by those who ar uninformed many times, lawfully uninformed. In cases in which eyewitness testimony is used, more often th an not, an expert willing not be allowed to testify to the faults of eyewitness identification. Thus, the uninformed stay blissfully ignorant of the inherent risks snarly in eyewitness identification testimony.Too often, these blissfully ignorant large number make up a jury of our peers. (McAtlin, 1999). According to McAtlin, there are three parts of an eyewitness testimony (1) Witnessing a crime as a victim or a bystander involves watching the event while it is happening. (2) The witness must memorize the details of the occurrence. (3) The witness must be able to accurately recall and communicate what he or she saw. Studies of wrongful conviction cases have concluded that erroneous eyewitness identifications are by far the leading spring of convicting the innocent.Several studies have been conducted on human memory and on subjects propensity to remember erroneously events and details that did not occur. When human beings try to acquire, retain and intend information with an y clarity, suppositional influences and common human failures profoundly limit them. The law crowd out regulate some of these human limitations others are unavoidable. The unavoidable ones can make eyewitness testimony devastating in the courtroom and can lead to wrongful convictions.Unfortunately, memories are not indelibly stamped onto a brain pictorial matter cassette tape. An event stored in the human memory undergoes constant change. Some details whitethorn be altered when new or different information about the event is added to the existing memory. Some details are simply forgotten and normal memory loss occurs continually. Even so, witnesses often become more convinced(p) in the correctness of their memories over time. The original memory has faded and has been replaced with new information. This new information has replaced the original memory because the natural process of memory handicap has persisted.Furthermore, individual eyewitnesses vary widely in infallibility a nd reasoning. . (McAtlin, 1999). Studies of wrongful conviction cases have concluded that erroneous eyewitness identifications are by far the leading cause of convicting the innocent. For example, the Innocence Project of Cardozo School of Law reports that of the first 130 exonerations, 101 (or 77. 8 percent) involved mistaken identifications. But exactly how often eyewitnesses make tragic mistakes that lead to the punishment of innocent persons is unknown and probably unknowable.One of the infamous cases where mistaken identity led to the wrongful conviction and execution was Gary Graham. Grahams case accredited widespread attention, in part because of unanimous evidence indicating that he was innocent of the murder charge, and the indisputable fact that his court-appointed trial lawyer failed to mount a hard legal defense. Graham was convicted of killing grocery store clerk Bobby Lambert on May 13, 1981 during a robbery attempt. Graham was 17 years grey-haired at the time. The re was no physical evidence linking him to the crime and only one eyewitness who identified him as the murderer.Eyewitnesses who told police investigators Graham was not the slayer were never called to testify at trial by Grahams lawyer. Constitutional Protections In Neil v. Biggers, the U. S. Supreme Court established criteria that jurors may use to evaluate the reliability of eyewitness identifications. The Biggers Court enumerated several factors to determine if a connotative identification is reliable (1) the witnesss opportunity to view the suspect (2) the witnesss distributor point of attention (3) the accuracy of description (4) the witnesss level of certainty and (5) the time between incident and confrontation, i. . , identification. Courts today continue to allow into evidence implicative identification testimony. Currently, courts consider the admissibility of identification testimony under a Fourteenth Amendment procedural due process analysis. If a court determines th at a pretrial identification was unnecessarily suggestive, it then ascertains whether the suggestive procedure gave rise to a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification. A court will find a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification only if the identification is found to be unreliable.Therefore, even if the court concludes that a police identification procedure was suggestive, it may be admittable if the court finds that the identification is nevertheless likely to be accurate. A court will balance the suggestiveness of the identification procedure against the likelihood that the identification is correct, responseing in an unprincipled rule of law that turns on the courts subjective assessment of the defendants guilt. Issues That Impact an Individuals Testimony A specific look at how memory functions and how suggestion operates llustrates why participation in unregulated lineups creates unreasonable risks of misidentification. Identification procedures differ from other police investigatory procedures in that they solely rely on human memory. Human memory consists of three basic systems (1) encoding, (2) storage, and (3) retrieval. Encoding is the initial processing of an event that results in a memory. Storage is the retention of the encoded information. convalescence is the recovery of the stored information. Errors can occur at each step.Contrary to common understanding of memory, not everything that registers in the central nervous system is permanently stored in the mind and particular details become increasingly inaccessible over time. According to Loftus and Ketchum, Truth and reality, when seen through the filters of our memories, are not objective facts but subjective, interpretive realities. Because these processes are unconscious, individuals publicly perceive their memories as completely accurate and their reporting of what they remember as entirely truthful, no matter how distorted or wide they, in fact, may be.An individuals memories become distorted even in the absence of external suggestion or internal personal distress. Naturally, people tailor their telling of events to the listener and the context. (Loftus Ketchum 1991). Many conditions such(prenominal) as fear, lighting, distance from the event, surprise, and personal biases all affect memory and recall. Human memory is indeed delicate, oddly regarding victims and witnesses of crimes. Fear and traumatic events may impair the initial acquisition of the memory itself.At the time of an identification, the witness is often in a distressed worked up state. Many victims and witnesses experience substantial shock because of their traumatic experiences that continue to affect them at the time of identification procedures. In a particular case in court, the psychologist can determine the reliability of the evidence of a particular witness and enable the judge and the jury to put the proper value on such witnesss testimony. For example, a wit ness may swear to a certain point involving the estimation of time and distance.The psychologist can measure the witnesss accuracy in such estimates, often showing that what the witness claims to be able to do is an impossibility. A case may hinge on whether an interval of time was ten minutes or twelve minutes, or whether a distance was three hundred or four hundred feet. A witness may swear positively to one or both of these points. The psychologist can show the court the limitations of the witness in making such estimates. Overview of Psychology and LawThe service of psychology to law can be very great, but owing to the necessary conservatism of the courts, it will be a long time before they will make much use of psychological knowledge. Perhaps the greatest service will be in determining the credibility of evidence. Psychology can now give the popular principles in this matter. Witnesses go on the stand and swear to all sorts of things as to what they heard and saw and did, oft en months and even years previously. The expert clinical psychologist can tell the court the probability of such evidence being true.Experiments have shown that there is a large percentage of error in such evidence. The superfluous value that comes from the oath has been measured. The oath increases the liability of truth only a small percentage. Psychologists sometimes deliver expert testimony in the form of general testimony where theory and research is described and applied to a problem before the court. The expert would not provide opinions about any party involved in the case before the court, but might give opinions about substantive research that is relevant to the issues. Role of Psychology Professional in rhetorical MattersClinical-forensic psychologists are employed in a variety of settings including state forensic hospitals, court clinics, mental health centers, jails, prisons, and juvenile turnment centers. Clinical-forensic psychologists are perhaps dress hat known for their assessment of persons involved with the legal system. Because of their knowledge of human behavior, abnormal psychology, and psychological assessment, psychologists are sometimes asked by the courts to evaluate a person and provide the court with an expert opinion, either in the form of a report or testimony.For example, clinical-forensic psychologists frequently evaluate adult criminal defendants or children involved in the juvenile justice system, offering the court information that might be relevant to determining (1) whether the defendant has a mental disorder that prevents him or her from expiry to trial, (2) what the defendants mental state may have been like at the time of the criminal offense, or (3) what handling might be indicated for a particular defendant who has been convicted of a crime or juvenile offense.Increasingly, clinical-forensic psychologists are being called upon to evaluate defendants who have gone to trial and who have been found guilty and for whom one of the sentencing options is the expiry penalty. In this case, psychologists are asked to evaluate the mitigating circumstances of the case and to testify about these as they relate to the particular defendant. Clinical-forensic psychologists also evaluate persons in civil (i. e. , non-criminal) cases.These psychologists may evaluate persons who are undergoing guardianship proceedings, to assist the court in determining whether the person has a mental disorder that affects his or her ability to make classical life decisions (e. g. , managing money, making health care decisions, making legal decisions). Clinical-forensic psychologists also evaluate persons who are plaintiffs in lawsuits, who allege that they were emotionally harmed as a result of someones wrongdoing or negligence.Clinical-forensic psychologists may evaluate children and their parents in cases of divorce, when parents cannot agree about the custody of their children and what is best for them. Clinical-foren sic psychologists are sometimes called on to evaluate children to determine whether they have been abused or neglected and the effects of such abuse or neglect, and offer the court recommendations regarding the placement of such children. In addition to forensic assessment, clinical-forensic psychologists are also involved in treating persons who are involved with the legal system in some capacity.Jails, prisons, and juvenile facilities employ clinical psychologists to assess and treat adults and juveniles who are either awaiting trial, or who have been adjudicated and are serving a sentence of some type. Treatment in these settings is focused both on mental disorders and providing these persons with skills and behaviors that will decrease the likelihood that they will re-offend in the future. Clinical-forensic psychologists employed in mental health centers or in private practice may also treat persons involved in the legal system, providing either general or specialized treatment (e. g. treatment of sex offenders, treatment of violent or abusive persons, and treatment of abuse victims).Conclusion Studies confirm that unregulated eyewitness testimony is often hopelessly unreliable. Misidentifications are the greatest single source of wrongful convictions in the united States. Yet courts current due process analyses are unsuccessful in ensuring fair procedures and preventing wrongful convictions. A due process analysis alone is inadequate, in part because a due process analysis is essentially a fairness inquiry, and courts regard it as unfair to exclude a correct, yet suggestive identification, from evidence.